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Objectives: To identify prognostic predictors of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), we tested the hypothesis that preoperative anemia could be a potential predictor of the prognosis of UTUC.Patients and methods: Clinical and pathological data on 686 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU at Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China, between 1990 and 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.The chi-square test was used to analyze the associations with preoperative anemia,and the Kaplan-Meier test and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to perform survival analysis.