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GB Virus type C (GBV-C) is an apparently nonpathogenic virus that replicates in T and B lymphocytes,and is a common cause of persistenthuman infection.Among HIV-Ⅰ infected individuals,persistent co-infection with GBV-C is associated with prolonged survival,and infection of blood mononuclear cells or CD4+ T cells with GBV-C and HIV in vitro results in significantly reduced HIV-Ⅰ replication.To date,the viral protein(s) that lead to HIV inhibition have not been identified.The GBV-C nonstructural phosphoprotein (NS5A) is predicted to have pleotropic effects on cells,including interactions with the IFN-induced dsRNA activated protein kinase (PKR).We studied GBV-C NS5A to determine if it is involved in inhibition of HIV replication.