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Rare earth tailing is a kind of great potential utilization value but environmentally hazardous resource.The magnetization roasting process of rare earth tailings followed by magnetic separation aimed at recovery of iron and concentration of rare earth.Thermodynamic equilibrium calculation was presented and magnetic roasting process under different temperature and time was investigated by XRD, SEM&EDS and TG-DSC analysis.The transformation of two typical pure mineral bastnaesite and aegirine in reducing atmosphere was separately studied.The results show that the order of the roasting process is firstly bastnaesite decomposition with CO2 escape (400C-500C), then reduction of hematite (500C-6℃0C).When above 700 ℃, Fe2SiO4 which is bad for magnetic separation appears.