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For more than a half century, toxicology testing primarily relies on animal studies.In a typical toxicity study, a test article is given to selected laboratory animal species such as rat, dog and non-human primate at significant high doses via a specific administration route.Mortality, clinical sign and changes in body weight and food consumption are recorded during in-life phase along with blood sample collections and then followed with necropsy and histopathology examinations on collected organs in postmortem.Toxicity of a test article is evaluated based on all the data collected from animal studies and is further extrapolated to assess for human safety.This practice has become a standard process of safety evaluation for drug, chemical or food.Rapid advance in toxicological science including accumulating knowledge on genomics and biological pathways regulating cellular activities, and the emerging new technology for inducing pluripotent stem cells from differentiated cells has inspired a call for a revolution of toxicology testing, specifically whether a toxicity testing using animals can be replaced by in vitro experiments with induced pluripotent stem cells combined with computational modeling.It has become evident in various presentations and publications that in vitro study with appropriately selected stem cell models that possess properties similar to in vivo conditions can provide data that are relevant to in vivo observations, which makes it possible to evaluate toxicity of a test article without animal studies.