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In recent years, nanoparticles based on both superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIONs, T2 negative agents) and (polymeric) paramagnetic chelators (Gd3+ and Mn2+, Ti positive agents) have been extensively studied to improve the visibility of internal body structures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).However, challenges still remain in achieving contrast agent nanoparticles with good biocompatibility, high cellular uptake, as well as low toxicity.