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Objective To compared the clinical performance and the effect of double-lumen endotracheal tube and bronchial blocker on one lung ventilation (OLV) surgery.Methods Sixty patients undergoing thoracotomy were randomized into double-lumen tube group (DLT, n =30) and bronchial blocker group (BB, n =30).The process of intubation was performed by one skilled anesthetist.The tube placement and location were examined by bronchofiberscope.Changes of hemodymics were recorded.The time of intubation and tube localization, arterial PH and arterial PaCO2 30 min after OLV, atelectasis and exposure extent in surgery at one-lung ventilation and postoperative sore throat were evaluated in the two groups.Results Compared with group DLT, the time of intubation in group BB was shorter, (1.01 + 0.23) vs (2.34 + 0.35) min, P<0.05;the time of tube localization was shorter, (2.24 + 0.67) vs (3.26 ± 0.68) min, P<0.05;peak airway pressure was lower,(21.8 ± 4.1) vs (29.1 ± 4.9)cmH2O, P<0.05;the frequently of early postoperative throat pain was less,35% vs 68%, P<0.05;the frequently of early postoperative hoarseness was less, 18% vs 50%, P<0.05.There were no significant differences in arterial PH and arterial PaCO2 30 min after OLV and atelectasis and exposure extent in surgery at OLV between the two groups.Conclusion OLV can be achieved via either a bronchial blocker or a double-lumen bronchial tube for the patients undergoing thoracotomy.However, the time of intubation and tube localization might be shortened and the incidence of early postoperative throat pain and hoarseness be reduced with the use of bronchial blocker.