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Highly specialized obligate plant-parasites exist within several groups of arthropods(insects and mites).Many of these are important pests,but the molecular basis of their parasitism and its evolution are poorly understood.One hypothesis is that plant parasitic arthropods use effector proteins to defeat basal plant immunity and modulate plant growth.To test this hypothesis,we sequenced the genome of the Hessian fly(Mayetiola destructor),an important gall midge pest of wheat(Triticum spp.)and performed high-resolution molecular genetic mapping of Avirulence(Avr)genes in the Hessian fly genome.