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Endosperm in cereals was mainly differentiated into endosperm transfer cells,aleurone cells and starchy endosperm.In order to make clear the relationship between endosperm and caryopsis, barley variety HU 1154 was observed under different microscopes in this paper.The results showed: 1) Caryopsis growth was greatly affected by endosperm enlargement and nutrient storage.2) Caryopsis respiration rate had a close relationship with programmed cell death of starchy endosperm.3) Endosperm transfer cells in barley differentiated not finely.4) Aleurone cells accumulated aleurone granules and lipid bodies, and their walls protected inner endosperm and embryo.5) Starchy endosperm had two types of amyloplasts-large amyloplast and small amyloplast.Large amyloplasts formed in early stage of endosperm development.Small amyloplasts formed later and effectively filled up the space between large amyloplasts.