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Aim In vivo dynamic evaluation of atherosclerosis could be clinically significant in the prevention of cardiovascular events.We aimed to monitor Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in different stages of atherosclerosis, and investigate the feasibility of detecting vulnerable plaques using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) angiography.Methods Twenty-two male NZW rabbits were divided into two groups: atherosclerosis group (group A, N.=11) and atherosclerosis and statin group (group S, N.=11).The rabbits underwent two pharmacological triggerings to induce thrombus at the 18th week.In vivo PET/CT scans were performed on four time points: before cholesterol diet (baseline, N.=6), at 8th week (the middle-of-feeding, N.=4), at 18th week (the end-of-feeding, N.=22) and after triggering (post-triggering, N.=15).18F-FDG uptake by the aorta was expressed as maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and mean SUV (SUVmean).SUVs were measured on serial 7.5 mm arterial segments.Results SUVmean and SUVmax were 0.449±0.108 and 0.550±0.132 at baseline, 0.694±0.117 and 0.754±0.129 at the middle-of-feeding, 0.788±0.121 and 0.861±0.139 in group A, and 0.651±0.194 and 0.736k±0.243 in group S at the end-of feeding before triggering.SUVmean and SUVmax were 1.128±0.420 and 1.302±.489 in thrombosis group, 0.774±0.159 and 0.859±0.191 in non-thrombosis group after triggering.Thrombus were identified in 10 of 22 rabbits (45.5%): 8 of 11 (72.3%) in group A, and 2 of 11 (18.2%) in group S (P<0.001).Conclusion The inflammatory states of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque can be detected by quantitative analysis of 18F-FDG uptake.PET/CT may be used for predicting thrombosis events in patients with atherosclerotic disease.