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The basal ganglia (BG) are the largest structures in the forebrain and consist of four major nuclei, the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.The BG has been demonstrated to act as a cohesive functional unit that regulates motor function, habit formation, and reward/addictive behaviors, but the debate has only recently started on how the BG regulate sleep-wake behavior to achieve all these fundamental functions of the BG.