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国际法上国家契约及其效力和履行问题在国际法立法、学说和判例上,一直都存在着许多复杂的争议。这些争议随着国际法的历史演进和结构变迁而不断提出新的问题并呈现新的面貌。从最初的武力兴兵索债,到国家间通过外交和平解决国际争端,再到通过国际条约尤其是双边投资条约赋予外国私人直接国际出诉权,乃至晚近通过投资条约中的“保护伞条款”直接保护国家契约上的国家承诺义务,体现了国家契约在国际法上的地位及其法律调整的历史演进,引出了国际法立法、判例和学说的许多重大的问题和争议。为此,需要对国家契约的国际法调整作出适当平衡的政策选择和制度设计。
National Contracts in International Law and Their Effectiveness and Fulfillment There have been many complicated disputes in the legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence of international law. These controversies continue to raise new questions and present new appearances with the historical evolution and structural changes of international law. From the initial military reorganization of the armed forces and the debt to the peaceful settlement of international disputes through diplomacy among nations and then to the right of foreign individuals to direct international litigation through international treaties and especially the bilateral investment treaties and even the recent adoption of the “umbrella clause” in investment treaties The obligation of state commitment on the protection of national contract embodies the historical evolution of the status of the national contract in international law and its legal readjustment and leads to many major issues and controversies concerning the legislation, precedent and doctrine of international law. To this end, there is a need for an appropriately balanced policy choice and system design for the adjustment of international law in national contracts.