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1994年mollereau［1］等首次克隆出与已知μ、δ、κ阿片受体有较高同源性的阿片受体样（opioid－receptor-like，ORL）受体。1995年Meunier［2］及Reinscheid［3］等分别报道发现该受体的内源性配体，结构类似强啡肽，与ORL受体有高度亲和性，命名为孤啡肽（OrphaninFQ，OFQ）
For example, mollereau [1] first cloned the opioid-receptor-like (ORL) receptor with high homology with known μ, δ, κ opioid receptors. In 1995, Meunier [2] and Reinscheid [3] reported that the endogenous ligand of this receptor was found to be similar to dynorphin with a high degree of affinity with the ORL receptor and was named OrphaninFQ, OFQ )