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Lithium metal anodes are of great interest for advanced high-energy density batteries such as lithium-air,lithium-sulfur and solid-state batteries,due to their low electrode potential and ultra-high theoret-ical capacity.There are,however,several challenges limiting their practical applications,which include low coulombic efficiency,the uncontrollable growth of dendrites and poor rate capability.Here,a ra-tional design of 3D structured lithium metal anodes comprising of in-situ growth of cobalt-decorated nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on continuous carbon nanofibers is demonstrated via electrospinning.The porous and free-standing scaffold can enhance the tolerance to stresses resulting from the intrinsic volume change during Li plating/stripping,delivering a significant boost in both charge/discharge rates and stable cycling performance.A binary Co-Li alloying phase was generated at the initial discharge pro-cess,creating more active sites for the Li nucleation and uniform deposition.Characterization and den-sity functional theory calculations show that the conductive and uniformly distributed cobalt-decorated carbon nanotubes with hierarchical structure can effectively reduce the local current density and more easily absorb Li atoms,leading to more uniform Li nucleation during plating.The current work presents an advance on scalable and cost-effective strategies for novel electrode materials with 3D hierarchical microstructures and mechanical flexibility for lithium metal anodes.