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渔业为13亿中国人民提供了约1/3动物性蛋白质,为提高中国人民生活水平和食品安全作出了重要贡献。作为世界最大的水产品生产国,我国已经开发利用了大部分适于水产养殖的水体(包括内陆)。综述了我国的水产养殖选址和养殖容量管理的现状。在我国,与水产养殖选址相关的因素包括当地陆地和水面的功能区域规划、水体和其他环境质量要求、对当地环境和社区福利的影响。目前国内存在的诸如超容量养殖、工业发展导致的环境压力和环境恶化、内陆淡水养虾的快速扩张以及水产养殖相关法律执行的困境等,是影响水产养殖业可持续发展的主要问题。此外,分析了虚拟管理工具(如数据库、模型)和生态系统方法在我国水产方面的应用及相关因素。水产养殖结构中肉食性品种所占比例的连续增加,表明我国水产养殖净产出食物的能力正在变弱,而由水产养殖自身导致的环境压力正在增加。水域区划规划实施存在问题以及水产养殖废物排放缺乏有效的监控手段和立法,是限制当前我国水产养殖合理选址和养殖容量管理的瓶颈,为此提出了一些相应的建议。
The fisheries provide about 1/3 of the animal protein to 1.3 billion Chinese people and make important contributions to improving the living standards and food safety of the Chinese people. As the world’s largest producer of aquatic products, our country has developed and utilized most of the water suitable for aquaculture (including inland). The status quo of aquaculture site selection and aquaculture capacity management in China is reviewed. In our country, the factors associated with the site selection of aquaculture include the planning of functional areas on the local land and water surface, water bodies and other environmental quality requirements, and the impact on the local environment and community welfare. The current domestic problems such as overcapacity cultivation, environmental pressures and environmental degradation caused by industrial development, the rapid expansion of inland freshwater shrimp farming and the plight of enforcement of aquaculture-related laws are the major issues that affect the sustainable development of aquaculture. In addition, the application of the virtual management tools (such as databases, models) and ecosystem methods in China’s aquatic products and related factors were analyzed. The continuous increase in the share of carnivorous species in aquaculture structures indicates that our capacity for net food production in aquaculture is weakening and the environmental pressures caused by aquaculture itself are on the rise. The existing problems in the implementation of zoning planning and the lack of effective monitoring means and legislation on aquaculture waste discharge are the bottlenecks that restrict the rational selection of aquaculture sites and the capacity management of aquaculture in our country. Some suggestions for this are put forward.