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When you put on a headset and enjoy the music， have you been curious about the arrangement of the song， melody structure？ When you blow the flute， play the violin， have you thought of where this wonderful sound and moving sound are from？ When you attend a concert， enter the concert hall， have you had doubts about the stage design？ When you open the physical book or the biographer biography， have you ever thought that these scientific figures might also love to wander in the music world？
In fact， behind the structure of music， sound， set there is a profound physical mechanism. Music and physics， seeming to be two disciplines of relatively art and science， but in many ways they are closely linked.
Collision of Music and Physics： Acoustics
Ancient people used to write poems and express their expectations and imagination in the music. But from a physical point of view， music is a kind of sound waves. Sonic is a mechanical wave that is produced by the vibration of the object （sound source）. Sound elements include amplitude， period， phase， and wavelength， which correspond to the pitch， loudness， time， and timbre of the music.
The pitch and the time value constitute the melody and the loudness and the time value constitute the beat or rhythm. These elements in time， space movement， form the string connection， the instrument， the chorus， the ensemble. These movement and the changes constitute melody， rhythm， tempo， chords， speed， sound type， style， also forming a different style of music. In these combinations of changes， different music people have different aesthetic feelings. This is the collision of music and physics， and the subject of their intersection is called acoustics. Music as an important object of study of music， has made this science full of art.
Music stresses resonance and there is also a phenomenon in acoustics， which is called "resonance". Any object has its own vibration frequency. When two tuning forks of the same frequency get close to each other， one of the vibration will sound and the other will sound as well. Using this principle， many instruments have a resonance box， resonance board， etc.， which can make music more beautiful. The application of physics in music makesit of more rich texture， and sound source， piano board， strings， etc. in the music also provides the object for the acoustics.
Pitch， loudness， time and tone
Pitch refers to a variety of different levels of sound， which is determined by the vibration frequency， and the two are proportional relationship， that is， when the frequency of vibration increases， the sound will be "higher"； otherwise "lower". The distance of the pitch is the interval， and the arrangement of the pitch forms the tone， whereas the pitches form the chord. And loudness， as the name suggests， is the strength of the sound that human ears can feel. Timbre is also known as quality of the sound. The sound made by every instrument， different people and all the objects that can make sound， in addition to a pitch， there are many different frequency of overtones accompanied， it is these overtone that determines its different timbre， hence people can identify different instruments， and different sounds made by different people. The concept of the time is not familiar to us， which is a musical term， refering to the duration of each beat， that is how many beats a minute in the manuscript equals to， the problem of speed. In each song， the length of each tone is determined by the time value. Therefore， music is also known as the art of time. Harmony： the physical mechanism in the instrument
In ancient China， people used gold， stone， soil， leather， silk， wood， abalone， bamboo and other materials， to make musical instruments， we can see that our country has long been aware of different materials issued by different sound qualities and tones. Because of their different flexibility， density， tension， the applied principle is also very different. In addition， density， flexibility， hardness of the chosen material are related with sound quality. For example， traditional flute is made of bamboo， hencethe humidity and the surface of bamboo will affect the sound quality of the flute.
Musical instruments in accordance with the playing method and playing mechanism can be divided into playing instruments， stringed instruments， plucked instruments， playing instruments， beat instruments， keyboard instruments. Here we can use the physical mechanism of instrument to divide them into stringed instruments （also able to be classified into points strings， plucked strings， stringed instruments）， wind instruments （also known as points without spring， reed instruments）， spring vibration instruments， film instruments and electronic instruments， etc. It can be said that the instrument is an instrument that shows the laws of physical sound transmission. Some of the musical instruments are very special， such as theremin made by the former Soviet physicist Professor Lev Termen. This is the world's first electronic musical instrument. Because of his name is Leon Theremin， people use his name to call the piano.
The piano looks like a computer host with two antennas， like a strange radio. It is the only electronic instrument in the world that does not require physical contact. The first generation of Theremin has a phonograph cabinet installed on four legs， supplemented by a metal antenna and a metal ring. When playing this instrument， the performer moves hands around the metal ring to control the volume， while moving hands around the antenna to control the tone. At this time， the performer can get a continuous monaural sound caused by his own action. Theremin's voice is strange and this strange sound has long appeared in many sci-fi and horror film soundtrack， and even music dubbing as well， such as the 2014 large-scale music program "I am the Singer season 2". When theremin was firstly designed， it attracted widespread attention， even Einstein have visited it， perhaps it was becaude of the physical principles behind the instrument. Then what on earth is its principle？ At the beginning of the twentieth century， radio engineers who conducted radio vacuum tube tests discovered the principle of differential frequency oscillators. The phenomenon of difference frequency is caused by the mixture of two similar high-frequency radio signals hence producing a new sound signal with the frequency of the total of the difference between two original signals in the range within the audible domain （20 Hz ～ 20 kHz）. Because of the special tone， many people want to apply it to music production. But when the person's body get close to the vacuum tube， the body capacitance of the changes will affect the sound frequency of the changes. When there were no solutions， the scientist Theremin found that this shortcoming can be used as its characteristics， so that the body and the instrument can interact and produce music together. Physics in the application of music， got a "freak"， but this freak with its unique successfully got people's favorite.
Music and Architecture： Physics in the Concert Hall
The frequency of music is very wide， and human ears can only hear a small part of it. In digital age， in order to reduce the storage space， CD and other digital media only record the frequency that people can hear. But the frequency "can not be heard" does not mean that we can not feel it. Scientific experiments have proved the low frequency and high frequency that people can not hear will also affect the body's heartbeat， mood and feeling. There are many design in the concert hall of the ingenuity， in which the physical principles applied can make people better enjoy the music in the concert hall.
The concert hall can be seen as a huge stereo， so elements such as its shape， material of the building， location of the show， the design， etc. will affect the sound quality.
The core problem the design of the concert hall needs to solve is the distribution of sound energy within indoor sound field to avoid any blind sound spot or focus， and the phenomenon that in some corners the sound energy density might be too small or too large， which in fact， is to solve the reverberation and echo problem.
So what is reverberation？ After the instrument stops pronunciation， the sound does not disappear immediately， but with a lingering sound， this phenomenon is called reverberation. Reverberation is caused by the reflection of the sound in the room， so in the indoor arrangement of the concert hall， we must first consider the use of sound-absorbing material on the inner wall of the room. If the inner wall is a rough soft sound-absorbing material， then the reverberation time will be shorter. In contrary， if the inner wall is hard and smooth reflective material， then the reverberation time will be longer. In order to avoid reverberation， the walls of the concert hall are designed to be relatively rough， and even the seat material will be made of sound-absorbing material. Another problem that needs to be avoided is the echo. The main reason for the echo is the reflector of the sound. If the reflector is smooth， the sound will be mirrored. If it is rugged， the sound will be diffuse and the same beam will be reflected to different directions， and then within different time spans reaching a place to form a reverberation. So the ceiling of the concert hall is usually designed with decoration to avoid echo， such as a lot of ceilings of irregular shapes. So the gorgeous concert hall is not only based on aesthetic considerations， but also on physical considerations.
The great physicist， Newton， had a keen interest in music when he was a student at Cambridge University Trinity College. He analyzes the symmetry of the musical scale from the perspective of mathematics， studying why the music can give such a beautiful enjoyment. Additionally， based on his research using prism to do the study of the dispersion of sunlight， he put forward the music and color theory.
Coincidentally， another genuine scientist as Newton， Einstein is also a fanatical music lover， who very much likes playing violin. The violin is not only his beloved thing， but also has provided a lot of inspiration to his physical problems， so that he can rest from his high-intensity scientific researches. Music lovers can always find friends. Einstein's friend， the founder of quantum mechanics Planck likes piano. Planck often recruited colleagues and friends at home to organize concerts： Planck playing the piano， professional violinist Joseph Joachim Maha playing the violin. They played the Beethoven D major Trio. At the end of the day， Planck stood up and said excitedly： "What a wonderful second movement！" Sometimes they also held a choral evening： Planck as a chorus conductor， friends， colleagues and talented students divided into different parts. They wandered in the music garden of Planck， exchanging the discussion of physics and wonderful music were staggered， and the discussions and laughter filled the room. It’s the music that allows these physicists to communicate in another dimension.
Einstein once said： "The research work in the field of music and physics is different in origin， but is linked by common goals， which is the solution to the expression of unknown things. Their reaction is different， but they Complement each other. "Rigorous physics and harmonious music， although being two different paths leading to unknown peaks， the way they have been in contact with each other will enable them meet at the peak of truth and beauty.
In fact， behind the structure of music， sound， set there is a profound physical mechanism. Music and physics， seeming to be two disciplines of relatively art and science， but in many ways they are closely linked.
Collision of Music and Physics： Acoustics
Ancient people used to write poems and express their expectations and imagination in the music. But from a physical point of view， music is a kind of sound waves. Sonic is a mechanical wave that is produced by the vibration of the object （sound source）. Sound elements include amplitude， period， phase， and wavelength， which correspond to the pitch， loudness， time， and timbre of the music.
The pitch and the time value constitute the melody and the loudness and the time value constitute the beat or rhythm. These elements in time， space movement， form the string connection， the instrument， the chorus， the ensemble. These movement and the changes constitute melody， rhythm， tempo， chords， speed， sound type， style， also forming a different style of music. In these combinations of changes， different music people have different aesthetic feelings. This is the collision of music and physics， and the subject of their intersection is called acoustics. Music as an important object of study of music， has made this science full of art.
Music stresses resonance and there is also a phenomenon in acoustics， which is called "resonance". Any object has its own vibration frequency. When two tuning forks of the same frequency get close to each other， one of the vibration will sound and the other will sound as well. Using this principle， many instruments have a resonance box， resonance board， etc.， which can make music more beautiful. The application of physics in music makesit of more rich texture， and sound source， piano board， strings， etc. in the music also provides the object for the acoustics.
Pitch， loudness， time and tone
Pitch refers to a variety of different levels of sound， which is determined by the vibration frequency， and the two are proportional relationship， that is， when the frequency of vibration increases， the sound will be "higher"； otherwise "lower". The distance of the pitch is the interval， and the arrangement of the pitch forms the tone， whereas the pitches form the chord. And loudness， as the name suggests， is the strength of the sound that human ears can feel. Timbre is also known as quality of the sound. The sound made by every instrument， different people and all the objects that can make sound， in addition to a pitch， there are many different frequency of overtones accompanied， it is these overtone that determines its different timbre， hence people can identify different instruments， and different sounds made by different people. The concept of the time is not familiar to us， which is a musical term， refering to the duration of each beat， that is how many beats a minute in the manuscript equals to， the problem of speed. In each song， the length of each tone is determined by the time value. Therefore， music is also known as the art of time. Harmony： the physical mechanism in the instrument
In ancient China， people used gold， stone， soil， leather， silk， wood， abalone， bamboo and other materials， to make musical instruments， we can see that our country has long been aware of different materials issued by different sound qualities and tones. Because of their different flexibility， density， tension， the applied principle is also very different. In addition， density， flexibility， hardness of the chosen material are related with sound quality. For example， traditional flute is made of bamboo， hencethe humidity and the surface of bamboo will affect the sound quality of the flute.
Musical instruments in accordance with the playing method and playing mechanism can be divided into playing instruments， stringed instruments， plucked instruments， playing instruments， beat instruments， keyboard instruments. Here we can use the physical mechanism of instrument to divide them into stringed instruments （also able to be classified into points strings， plucked strings， stringed instruments）， wind instruments （also known as points without spring， reed instruments）， spring vibration instruments， film instruments and electronic instruments， etc. It can be said that the instrument is an instrument that shows the laws of physical sound transmission. Some of the musical instruments are very special， such as theremin made by the former Soviet physicist Professor Lev Termen. This is the world's first electronic musical instrument. Because of his name is Leon Theremin， people use his name to call the piano.
The piano looks like a computer host with two antennas， like a strange radio. It is the only electronic instrument in the world that does not require physical contact. The first generation of Theremin has a phonograph cabinet installed on four legs， supplemented by a metal antenna and a metal ring. When playing this instrument， the performer moves hands around the metal ring to control the volume， while moving hands around the antenna to control the tone. At this time， the performer can get a continuous monaural sound caused by his own action. Theremin's voice is strange and this strange sound has long appeared in many sci-fi and horror film soundtrack， and even music dubbing as well， such as the 2014 large-scale music program "I am the Singer season 2". When theremin was firstly designed， it attracted widespread attention， even Einstein have visited it， perhaps it was becaude of the physical principles behind the instrument. Then what on earth is its principle？ At the beginning of the twentieth century， radio engineers who conducted radio vacuum tube tests discovered the principle of differential frequency oscillators. The phenomenon of difference frequency is caused by the mixture of two similar high-frequency radio signals hence producing a new sound signal with the frequency of the total of the difference between two original signals in the range within the audible domain （20 Hz ～ 20 kHz）. Because of the special tone， many people want to apply it to music production. But when the person's body get close to the vacuum tube， the body capacitance of the changes will affect the sound frequency of the changes. When there were no solutions， the scientist Theremin found that this shortcoming can be used as its characteristics， so that the body and the instrument can interact and produce music together. Physics in the application of music， got a "freak"， but this freak with its unique successfully got people's favorite.
Music and Architecture： Physics in the Concert Hall
The frequency of music is very wide， and human ears can only hear a small part of it. In digital age， in order to reduce the storage space， CD and other digital media only record the frequency that people can hear. But the frequency "can not be heard" does not mean that we can not feel it. Scientific experiments have proved the low frequency and high frequency that people can not hear will also affect the body's heartbeat， mood and feeling. There are many design in the concert hall of the ingenuity， in which the physical principles applied can make people better enjoy the music in the concert hall.
The concert hall can be seen as a huge stereo， so elements such as its shape， material of the building， location of the show， the design， etc. will affect the sound quality.
The core problem the design of the concert hall needs to solve is the distribution of sound energy within indoor sound field to avoid any blind sound spot or focus， and the phenomenon that in some corners the sound energy density might be too small or too large， which in fact， is to solve the reverberation and echo problem.
So what is reverberation？ After the instrument stops pronunciation， the sound does not disappear immediately， but with a lingering sound， this phenomenon is called reverberation. Reverberation is caused by the reflection of the sound in the room， so in the indoor arrangement of the concert hall， we must first consider the use of sound-absorbing material on the inner wall of the room. If the inner wall is a rough soft sound-absorbing material， then the reverberation time will be shorter. In contrary， if the inner wall is hard and smooth reflective material， then the reverberation time will be longer. In order to avoid reverberation， the walls of the concert hall are designed to be relatively rough， and even the seat material will be made of sound-absorbing material. Another problem that needs to be avoided is the echo. The main reason for the echo is the reflector of the sound. If the reflector is smooth， the sound will be mirrored. If it is rugged， the sound will be diffuse and the same beam will be reflected to different directions， and then within different time spans reaching a place to form a reverberation. So the ceiling of the concert hall is usually designed with decoration to avoid echo， such as a lot of ceilings of irregular shapes. So the gorgeous concert hall is not only based on aesthetic considerations， but also on physical considerations.
The great physicist， Newton， had a keen interest in music when he was a student at Cambridge University Trinity College. He analyzes the symmetry of the musical scale from the perspective of mathematics， studying why the music can give such a beautiful enjoyment. Additionally， based on his research using prism to do the study of the dispersion of sunlight， he put forward the music and color theory.
Coincidentally， another genuine scientist as Newton， Einstein is also a fanatical music lover， who very much likes playing violin. The violin is not only his beloved thing， but also has provided a lot of inspiration to his physical problems， so that he can rest from his high-intensity scientific researches. Music lovers can always find friends. Einstein's friend， the founder of quantum mechanics Planck likes piano. Planck often recruited colleagues and friends at home to organize concerts： Planck playing the piano， professional violinist Joseph Joachim Maha playing the violin. They played the Beethoven D major Trio. At the end of the day， Planck stood up and said excitedly： "What a wonderful second movement！" Sometimes they also held a choral evening： Planck as a chorus conductor， friends， colleagues and talented students divided into different parts. They wandered in the music garden of Planck， exchanging the discussion of physics and wonderful music were staggered， and the discussions and laughter filled the room. It’s the music that allows these physicists to communicate in another dimension.
Einstein once said： "The research work in the field of music and physics is different in origin， but is linked by common goals， which is the solution to the expression of unknown things. Their reaction is different， but they Complement each other. "Rigorous physics and harmonious music， although being two different paths leading to unknown peaks， the way they have been in contact with each other will enable them meet at the peak of truth and beauty.