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朝贡体制曾是古代亚洲地区源远流长的一种国际关系体制,也是中国传统对外关系的主要模式之一。清朝前期,作为朝贡体制主要内涵的朝贡礼仪虽为西方国家视为不平等待遇,并由此引发中俄、中英之间的外交礼仪冲突,但并未使古老的朝贡体制发生动摇。鸦片战争以降,中西之间展开更为激烈的外交礼仪之争。随着一个个不平等条约的签订,传统朝贡礼仪终为近代西方外交礼仪所取代,这也成为朝贡体制走向崩溃和中国外交近代化的标志性事件。
The tributary system was a well-established system of international relations in ancient Asia and one of the main modes of China’s traditional foreign relations. Although the tributary etiquette as the main content of the tributary system was regarded as unequal treatment by the western countries in the early Qing Dynasty, it triggered the diplomatic etiquette conflict between China, Russia and China, but did not destabilize the ancient tributary system. In the Opium War, the war between China and the West started a more intense struggle for diplomatic etiquette. With the signing of unequal treaties, the traditional tribute ritual was eventually replaced by modern Western diplomatic etiquette, which also became a landmark event of the collapse of tributary system and the modernization of China’s diplomacy.