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一、什么是国际贸易中的非关税壁垒措施? 非关税壁垒措施是指各国(地区)政府在国际贸易活动中所采取的除关税以外的各种限制外国商品进口的措施。从大类上可分为直接的和间接的两种。直接的非关税壁垒措施是指进口方通过数量限制、进口配额、进口许可证等直接限制外来商品的进口数量。间接的非关税壁垒措施是指进口方不适当地实施某些具有正当目的的措施(如海关估价、原产地规则、商品检验、技术标准、政府采购、反倾销、反补贴等),因而同样起到了限制进口的作用。例如,以动植物检疫为由禁止“不合规定”的食品进口;以保护环境和消费者利益为理由而规定严格的产品技术标准、安全标准、包装装潢标准等。
I. What are the non-tariff barrier measures in international trade? Non-tariff barrier measures refer to measures taken by the governments of various countries (regions) in international trade activities to restrict the import of foreign goods, in addition to the duties. From the big category can be divided into two kinds of direct and indirect. Direct non-tariff barrier measures refer to the importer’s direct restriction on the quantity of imported goods through quantitative restrictions, import quotas, and import licenses. Indirect non-tariff barrier measures refer to the importer’s inappropriate implementation of certain measures with legitimate objectives (such as customs valuation, rules of origin, commodity inspections, technical standards, government procurement, anti-dumping, countervailing, etc.) Limit the role of imports. For example, animal and plant quarantine are prohibited from importing foods that are not “regulated”; strict product technology standards, safety standards, and packaging and decoration standards are stipulated on the grounds of protecting the environment and the interests of consumers.