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有关国家豁免与国际强行法之间关系问题的讨论早已有之。随着人权保护观念的兴起和普遍管辖原则等理论的发展,国际强行法规则如禁止侵略、奴役、贩卖人口、酷刑、种族灭绝、种族歧视与隔离,对国家豁免理论普遍的权威地位提出了挑战。然而,在国际司法实践中却罕见作出基于国际强行法的判决,国家豁免的优势地位似乎依然牢固。本文拟从国家豁免理论的基本概念及演变历程入手,论述近年来因人权保护观念的兴起和普遍管辖权等理论的提出对国际强行法与国家豁免之间关系的冲击和影响。同时,通过联合国国际法院德国诉意大利案等判例以及人权保护与国家主权豁免无冲突的角度,详细阐述国家豁免与国际强行法二者的关系,并得出两者并不矛盾、可相协调的观点和结论。最后,笔者对国际强行法与国家豁免关系的发展方向作了展望,并对我国应如何在坚持绝对豁免主义与保护人权二者之间作出平衡的问题上提出了合理化的建议。
Discussions about the relationship between State immunity and international jus cogens have long existed. With the rise of the concept of human rights protection and the development of the theory of universal jurisdiction, international laws of jus cogens such as the prohibition of aggression, slavery, human trafficking, torture, genocide, racial discrimination and segregation challenge the universal authority of state immunity theory . However, judgments based on international jus cogens laws are rarely made in international judicial practice and the dominance of state immunity appears to remain strong. This article intends to start with the basic concept and evolution of the theory of state immunity, and discusses the impact and influence of the rise of the concept of human rights protection and universal jurisdiction on the relationship between international jus cogens and state immunity in recent years. At the same time, through the jurisprudence of the United Nations International Court of Justice in Germany v. Italy and the absence of conflict between the protection of human rights and state sovereignty immunity, this paper elaborates on the relationship between state immunity and international coercion in detail and concludes that the two are not contradictory and can be reconciled Opinions and conclusions. Finally, I look forward to the direction of the development of the relationship between international jus cogens and state immunity and put forward reasonable suggestions on how China should balance its insistence on absolute exemption and the protection of human rights.