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第一次工业革命的特点是机械化;第二次工业革命的特点是电气化;第三次工业革命则聚焦于信息化、新能源和生命科学。当今全世界人口约70亿,而全世界约有手机60亿部,说明现在已经进入信息化时代。信息时代的主要物理基础是光纤通信和无线通信。无线通信网的基站仍需要光纤连接,也离不开光纤。发明光纤通信的英美籍华人高锟2009年获得诺贝尔物理学奖。光纤通信的优点是传输容量大、传输距离远。2013年光纤的传输容量达100 Tb/s(1 T=1000 G),传输的中继放大距离达80 km。通常采用单模光纤,价格低廉,约0.5元/m。光纤通信技术已经十分成熟,光纤的传输容量达100 Tb/s,是采用各种复用手段实现的,如:时分复用TDM,波分复用WDM,极分复用PDM,电平正交复用QAM,空分复用SPM等。近来有人提出用“多芯光纤”来增加光纤的容量,如10芯光纤,即1根光纤中有10个芯,
The first industrial revolution was characterized by mechanization. The second industrial revolution was characterized by electrification. The third industrial revolution focused on information technology, new energy and life sciences. Today, the world’s population is about 7 billion, while there are about 6 billion mobile phones in the world, indicating that it has now entered the information age. The main physical basis of the information age is optical fiber communication and wireless communication. The base station of the wireless communication network still needs the optic fiber to connect, also can not leave the optic fiber. Kao, an English-born Chinese who invented fiber optic communications, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. The advantage of optical fiber communication is large transmission capacity and long transmission distance. In 2013, the transmission capacity of optical fiber reached 100 Tb / s (1 T = 1000 G), and the transmission relay amplification distance reached 80 km. Usually single-mode fiber, low price, about 0.5 yuan / m. Optical fiber communication technology has been very mature, the optical fiber transmission capacity of 100 Tb / s, is the use of a variety of multiplexing means to achieve, such as: time division multiplexing TDM, wavelength division multiplexing WDM, pole multiplexing PDM, level orthogonal Multiplexing QAM, space division multiplexing SPM and so on. Recently, it has been proposed to increase the capacity of optical fibers by using “multi-core optical fibers”, such as 10-core optical fibers, that is, 10 cores in one optical fiber,