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从满族入关伊始直到嘉庆朝早期,前后有十几位西洋钟表技师服务于中国宫廷,大大提高了传教士在宫中的地位。他们在清宫做钟处的钟表制作和维修中发挥了巨大作用,成为清宫钟表制作走向繁盛的重要因素。本文利用清官档案和相关中外文献,对这些匠师在宫中做钟处的钟表制作情况进行全面梳理。通过对清廷对西洋技艺人的征召和控制、造办处西洋钟表匠师传记以及他们与中西文化交流等几个方面的考察,本文认为西洋钟表匠师服务于清代宫廷,实际上是一场持续150余年历史的技术引进过程,这一过程与中国社会环境和宫廷文化等因素有着密切的关系,是清代宫廷内中西文化交流极为重要的组成部分。这些西洋钟表匠师在宫廷中集多重身份于一身,而且他们自己对每一种身份都要有所兼顾,成为宫廷关系网络中的重要节点。
From the beginning of the Manchu entry to the beginning of the Jia-qing dynasty, more than a dozen western clock technicians served the Chinese court, greatly increasing the status of missionaries in the palace. They played a great role in making clocks and clocks and making repairs at the clock in Qing Dynasty and became an important factor in making the clock and watchmaking of Qing Palace prosperous. In this paper, we use the official records and relevant Chinese and foreign literature to make a comprehensive review of the clocks and clocks produced by these craftsmen in the palace. Through the investigation and prosecution of the Qing court on the recruitment and control of western artistes, the bookmaking division of Western watchmakers and their cultural exchange with China and the West, this paper argues that Western watchmakers serve the Qing court, which is actually a The process of the introduction of technology for more than 150 years has been closely linked with the social environment in China and court culture. It is an extremely important part of the cultural exchange between China and the West in the Qing court. These Western watchmaker in the palace set multiple identities in one, and they have to take into account each identity, as the court network of important nodes.