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晚明社会陷入重重危机。从政治方面看,由于吏治腐败,连年灾荒,引发了李自成、张献忠等人揭竿造反,而建州女真族部落的崛起并频频侵边,则对东北边防构成致命的威胁。从文化方面看,传统的精神信仰和道德价值系统已经失去了往昔的权威性,陷入了严重的困境。此时,中、西文化的不期而遇,使晚明成为中国思想文化发展史上奇特而又引人瞩目的时代。当时,涌现出一批心态开放、勇于思想更新、富于批判精神的儒家士大夫,他们积极吸收由利玛窦(Matteo Ricci,1552—1610)等传教士带入中国的包括宗教(天学)、伦理学和科学技
Late Ming society into heavy crisis. From a political point of view, due to corruption in official circles and successive years of famine, Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong started to launch rebellions. The rise of the Jurchen tribe and the frequent invasion of the border threaten the northeast border defense. From a cultural point of view, the traditional system of spiritual beliefs and moral values has lost its authority over the past and is in serious trouble. At this point, the unexpected encounter between Chinese and Western cultures made the late Ming dynasty a peculiar and remarkable time in the history of the development of Chinese ideology and culture. At that time, there emerged a group of Confucian doctors and doctors who were open-minded, brave in thinking and updated, and were full of critical spirit. They actively absorbed many religions (astronomy) and ethics brought into China by missionaries such as Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) Science and technology