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从古希腊到中世纪对心灵的研究多从属于灵魂学说,主要有两个传统,一是柏拉图开创的理念论的灵魂学说,发展到中世纪由奥古斯丁继承;二是由亚里士多德提出的形式论的灵魂学说,中世纪主要的继承者是阿奎那。莱布尼茨在对经验论和唯理论继承和批判的基础上,从调和的视角对心灵的能动性问题做出新的阐释,这对后来德国古典哲学的主体能动性问题的研究具有深远的影响。
The study of the mind from ancient Greece to the Middle Ages is mostly subordinated to the theory of the soul. There are mainly two traditions. One is the soul theory of the theory of philosophy pioneered by Plato, and the one inherited by Augustine in the Middle Ages. The other is the form proposed by Aristotle On the theory of the soul, the main successor of the Middle Ages was Aquinas. Based on the inheritance and criticism of empiricism and rationalism, Leibniz made a new interpretation of the motivation of the mind from the perspective of reconciliation, which has far-reaching influence on the research on the subjective initiative of German classical philosophy.