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（School of Economics， Southwest Minzu University，Chengdu，610041，Sichuan，China）
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY， VOL. 8， NO.1， 01-21， 2017 （CN51-1731/C， in Chinese）
DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2017.01.01 Abstract：Development is the master key for resolving various problems in ethnic areas. During the process of development， we must have correct principles of development. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period， it was acknowledged that the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society， resolving its challenges， and grasping the advantages of development in ethnic areas must firmly establish and thoroughly conduct the development concepts of innovation， coordination， green， openness and sharing. This article presents an evaluation framework of the “five development” concept， and then evaluates the development status of ethnic areas. Based on the results of this evaluation， it proposes approaches for innovation， coordination， green development， openness， and sharing in ethnic areas.
Innovation is the first driving force in guiding development； coordination is the requirement for a sustainable and healthy development； green or “green development” is a necessary condition for sustainable development and important for peoples pursuit of a good life； openness is the only road for a countrys prosperity and development； and sharing is the basic requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This paper analyzes the status of innovation in ethnic areas from the innovations of products， technology， markets and systems， etc. And， it discovers that the general level of innovation in the eight ethnic provinces and districts of China （Inner Mongolia， Guangxi， Tibet， Ningxia， Xinjiang， Guizhou， Yunnan and Qinghai） is low， and that the development of innovation is unbalanced. Compared with the national average， development in these areas lags far behind. For the purpose of maintaining constant economic growth in the ethnic areas， and chasing after the level of developed areas， the input in innovation must be increased， and the structure of innovation must be further optimized so that innovation becomes an important driving force in economic development. Realizing innovative development in ethnic areas must depend on the effort of constructing its own learning ability. Laborers should get good education， good infrastructure should be built， and good innovation environmental programs should be created with the investment of the government. Realization of harmonious regional development is the basic purpose of Chinas regional development strategy. Understanding this from the angle of economics， the concept of coordination at least should include coordination among three elements， i.e. time， departments and space. The concept of coordination for development should be realized through market mechanisms in the competitive environment， or through the rational intervention of the government. The concept of coordination for development discussed here mainly refers to the development of coordination of different regions and of urban and rural areas. Seeing from the perspective of harmonious regional development， the development in the eight ethnic provinces and districts is actually imbalanced. In addition， urban-rural relationship is another important aspect of regional coordination development. The imbalanced development between urban and rural areas in China is not only reflected in income， but is even more reflected in basic public services. The approaches for realizing the development of regional coordination in ethnic areas should 1） be combined with an economic support belt， and important lines of communication； 2） guide the population and economic activities to move to important regions for development； and 3） take a path of inclusive and green urbanization.
Green development is a basic element for sustainable development. The purpose of green development is to get solid growth， and avoid unsustainable models. Green development will make the resources efficient， clean and resilient in the process of development. Green development requires considering the environmental capacity or resource carrying capacity while pushing economic development. There are three factors in green growth， that it be： efficient， clean and resilient. Green development in ethnic areas is decided by its ecological location. Generally speaking， compared with the national level， both the efficiency of resource usage and carbon emission in ethnic areas is low； and environmental resilience is very different in various areas. Increasing the resource usage rate and reducing carbon emission are the main approaches for realizing green development in ethnic areas. The rich natural resources in ethnic areas are only a potential advantage， and not an economic advantage in reality. For the purpose of turning rich natural resources into an economic advantage， and using them to promote the regional economic development， one should depend on the property rights structure of natural resources， regional conditions of the area， the exploitation cost， the local techniques for transforming natural resources， and the market conditions. We should strive to develop green ecological economics， and realize the “Three-Wins” in growth， poverty alleviation， and ecology. According to the ecological advantages of the ethnic areas， as well as their ecological position in the whole country， we should rapidly develop green ecological industries （eco-agriculture， eco-tourism， eco-industry）， and make ecological economics become the important source for increasing the income of the poor population. This should be done by taking the rare ecological resources as the base， the market needs as guidance， the modern business model as the carrier， and social capital as the driving force. Moreover， we should make plans for green development ， make clear its goals and steps， and implement the Green Industry Approach. We should enhance ecological construction and protection； and initiate new progress in ecological civilization and poverty alleviation. Openness or opening up is an inevitable course for the prosperity and development of a country or a district. Openness in ethnic areas includes both external and internal openness. External openness is opening up to other countries or districts， and internal openness is opening up to other areas within China. It could be noticed that external openness in the eight provinces and districts of ethnic areas in China is imbalanced. So， we should integrate it with the construction strategy of the “One Belt and One Road” program， and construct a new external opening up framework in an all-round way. Ethnic areas are core areas of and an important foundation for constructing of the Silk Road economic belt， and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road. The ethnic areas should implement more actively the strategy of openness， and improve the strategic framework of opening up externally， construct new， open economic systems， expand new， open economic spaces so as to build the ethnic areas into important bridgeheads and create vital border economic belts opened to the west， north， and south of China.
Sharing the results of development by various ethnic groups， and realizing a common prosperity are the requirements of socialism. The nature of sharing development is inclusive， fair and beneficial. It further clarifies the keynotes of the relationship between development and the people， and re-emphasizes that improving the benefits of the people， promoting the peoples development in all-round ways are starting points and goals of development. Poverty alleviation is the key in sharing development in the ethnic areas. The Central Poverty Alleviation and Development Work Conference proposed that “ the goal of poverty alleviation during ‘the 13th Five-Year Plan is to win the battle against poverty， which includes ensuring food， clothing， compulsory education， basic medical service and housing security for the poor by 2020.” Furthermore， “precise poverty alleviation” is the basic strategy for fulfilling this goal. The foundation of “precise poverty alleviation” is to identify poverty precisely， and to judge whether it belongs to income poverty or poverty by chance. Speaking from policy choice， we need to strengthen the self-development capability of poor populations； speaking from project choice， we should evaluate whether it is pro-poor or pro-growth； speaking from industrial development， we should consider both the market choice and governmental support； and， speaking from spacial layout， a concept of sharing in development should be realized within centralized equalization. Key Words：ethnic areas； innovation； coordination； green； openness；sharing
References：
Abhijt V.Banerjee and Esther Dufflo.Poor Economics：A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty，Public Affairs，New York， 2011.
G.M.Grossman， E.Helpman. quanqiu jingji zhong de chuanxin yu zengzhang（Innovation and Growth in Global Economy）.Beijing：zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe，2003.
Joseph A. Schumpeter. jingji fazhan lilun duiyu lirui，ziben，xindai，lixi he jingji zhouqi de kaocha（The Theory of Economic Development： An Inquiry into Profits，Capital，Credit，Interest， and the Business Cycle）. He Wei， Yijiaxiang， Zhang Jun ，He Heli，Yehu trans. Beijing.shangwu yinshuguan
Sendhil Mullainathan， Eldar Shafir. Xique： women shi ruhe xianru pinqiong yu manglu de（Scarcity： why having too little means so much）.Wei Wei，Long Zhiyong trans. Hangzhou： Zhengjiang renmin chubanshe，2014.
Wei Houkai. zhongguo quyu xietiao fazhan yanjiu（On Regional Coordinated Development in China）.Beijing：zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe，2012.
World Bank. 2009 nian shijie fazhan baogao：chongsu shijie jingji dili （World Development Report 2009： Reshaping World Economic Geography）.Beijing：qinghua daxue chubanshe，2009.
Zheng Changde，Luobu Jiangcun. zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu jingji fazhan fangshi zhuanbian yanjiu（On the Transformation of the Economic Development Method in Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas）.Beijing：minzu chubanshe，2010.
Zheng Changde.zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu de houfa ganchao yu zhuanxin fazhan（Surpassing Development in Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas and Its Transformation ） .Beijing：jingji kexue chubanshe，2014.
Zheng Changde.zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu baorongxing lvse fazhan yanjiu（On Inclusive Green Development of the Ethnic Minority Areas in China）.Beijing：zhongguo jingji chubanshe，2016.
Zheng Changde ed. zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu jingji fazhan baogao（Economic Development Report of Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas）.Beijing：zhongguo jingji chubanshe，2015.
Zheng Changde ed. zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu jingji fazhan baogao（Economic Development Report of Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas）.Beijing：zhongguo jingji chubanshe，2013.
Zheng Changde. jiyu baorongxing lvse fazhan shiyu de jizhong lianpian tekun minzu diqu jiepin zhengce yanjiu（A Study on the Policy of Poverty Alleviation in the Extremely Poor Ethnic Areas from the Perspective of Inclusive Green Development）. In Journal of Central South University for Nationalities， 2016（1）.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY， VOL. 8， NO.1， 01-21， 2017 （CN51-1731/C， in Chinese）
DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2017.01.01 Abstract：Development is the master key for resolving various problems in ethnic areas. During the process of development， we must have correct principles of development. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period， it was acknowledged that the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society， resolving its challenges， and grasping the advantages of development in ethnic areas must firmly establish and thoroughly conduct the development concepts of innovation， coordination， green， openness and sharing. This article presents an evaluation framework of the “five development” concept， and then evaluates the development status of ethnic areas. Based on the results of this evaluation， it proposes approaches for innovation， coordination， green development， openness， and sharing in ethnic areas.
Innovation is the first driving force in guiding development； coordination is the requirement for a sustainable and healthy development； green or “green development” is a necessary condition for sustainable development and important for peoples pursuit of a good life； openness is the only road for a countrys prosperity and development； and sharing is the basic requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This paper analyzes the status of innovation in ethnic areas from the innovations of products， technology， markets and systems， etc. And， it discovers that the general level of innovation in the eight ethnic provinces and districts of China （Inner Mongolia， Guangxi， Tibet， Ningxia， Xinjiang， Guizhou， Yunnan and Qinghai） is low， and that the development of innovation is unbalanced. Compared with the national average， development in these areas lags far behind. For the purpose of maintaining constant economic growth in the ethnic areas， and chasing after the level of developed areas， the input in innovation must be increased， and the structure of innovation must be further optimized so that innovation becomes an important driving force in economic development. Realizing innovative development in ethnic areas must depend on the effort of constructing its own learning ability. Laborers should get good education， good infrastructure should be built， and good innovation environmental programs should be created with the investment of the government. Realization of harmonious regional development is the basic purpose of Chinas regional development strategy. Understanding this from the angle of economics， the concept of coordination at least should include coordination among three elements， i.e. time， departments and space. The concept of coordination for development should be realized through market mechanisms in the competitive environment， or through the rational intervention of the government. The concept of coordination for development discussed here mainly refers to the development of coordination of different regions and of urban and rural areas. Seeing from the perspective of harmonious regional development， the development in the eight ethnic provinces and districts is actually imbalanced. In addition， urban-rural relationship is another important aspect of regional coordination development. The imbalanced development between urban and rural areas in China is not only reflected in income， but is even more reflected in basic public services. The approaches for realizing the development of regional coordination in ethnic areas should 1） be combined with an economic support belt， and important lines of communication； 2） guide the population and economic activities to move to important regions for development； and 3） take a path of inclusive and green urbanization.
Green development is a basic element for sustainable development. The purpose of green development is to get solid growth， and avoid unsustainable models. Green development will make the resources efficient， clean and resilient in the process of development. Green development requires considering the environmental capacity or resource carrying capacity while pushing economic development. There are three factors in green growth， that it be： efficient， clean and resilient. Green development in ethnic areas is decided by its ecological location. Generally speaking， compared with the national level， both the efficiency of resource usage and carbon emission in ethnic areas is low； and environmental resilience is very different in various areas. Increasing the resource usage rate and reducing carbon emission are the main approaches for realizing green development in ethnic areas. The rich natural resources in ethnic areas are only a potential advantage， and not an economic advantage in reality. For the purpose of turning rich natural resources into an economic advantage， and using them to promote the regional economic development， one should depend on the property rights structure of natural resources， regional conditions of the area， the exploitation cost， the local techniques for transforming natural resources， and the market conditions. We should strive to develop green ecological economics， and realize the “Three-Wins” in growth， poverty alleviation， and ecology. According to the ecological advantages of the ethnic areas， as well as their ecological position in the whole country， we should rapidly develop green ecological industries （eco-agriculture， eco-tourism， eco-industry）， and make ecological economics become the important source for increasing the income of the poor population. This should be done by taking the rare ecological resources as the base， the market needs as guidance， the modern business model as the carrier， and social capital as the driving force. Moreover， we should make plans for green development ， make clear its goals and steps， and implement the Green Industry Approach. We should enhance ecological construction and protection； and initiate new progress in ecological civilization and poverty alleviation. Openness or opening up is an inevitable course for the prosperity and development of a country or a district. Openness in ethnic areas includes both external and internal openness. External openness is opening up to other countries or districts， and internal openness is opening up to other areas within China. It could be noticed that external openness in the eight provinces and districts of ethnic areas in China is imbalanced. So， we should integrate it with the construction strategy of the “One Belt and One Road” program， and construct a new external opening up framework in an all-round way. Ethnic areas are core areas of and an important foundation for constructing of the Silk Road economic belt， and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road. The ethnic areas should implement more actively the strategy of openness， and improve the strategic framework of opening up externally， construct new， open economic systems， expand new， open economic spaces so as to build the ethnic areas into important bridgeheads and create vital border economic belts opened to the west， north， and south of China.
Sharing the results of development by various ethnic groups， and realizing a common prosperity are the requirements of socialism. The nature of sharing development is inclusive， fair and beneficial. It further clarifies the keynotes of the relationship between development and the people， and re-emphasizes that improving the benefits of the people， promoting the peoples development in all-round ways are starting points and goals of development. Poverty alleviation is the key in sharing development in the ethnic areas. The Central Poverty Alleviation and Development Work Conference proposed that “ the goal of poverty alleviation during ‘the 13th Five-Year Plan is to win the battle against poverty， which includes ensuring food， clothing， compulsory education， basic medical service and housing security for the poor by 2020.” Furthermore， “precise poverty alleviation” is the basic strategy for fulfilling this goal. The foundation of “precise poverty alleviation” is to identify poverty precisely， and to judge whether it belongs to income poverty or poverty by chance. Speaking from policy choice， we need to strengthen the self-development capability of poor populations； speaking from project choice， we should evaluate whether it is pro-poor or pro-growth； speaking from industrial development， we should consider both the market choice and governmental support； and， speaking from spacial layout， a concept of sharing in development should be realized within centralized equalization. Key Words：ethnic areas； innovation； coordination； green； openness；sharing
References：
Abhijt V.Banerjee and Esther Dufflo.Poor Economics：A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty，Public Affairs，New York， 2011.
G.M.Grossman， E.Helpman. quanqiu jingji zhong de chuanxin yu zengzhang（Innovation and Growth in Global Economy）.Beijing：zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe，2003.
Joseph A. Schumpeter. jingji fazhan lilun duiyu lirui，ziben，xindai，lixi he jingji zhouqi de kaocha（The Theory of Economic Development： An Inquiry into Profits，Capital，Credit，Interest， and the Business Cycle）. He Wei， Yijiaxiang， Zhang Jun ，He Heli，Yehu trans. Beijing.shangwu yinshuguan
Sendhil Mullainathan， Eldar Shafir. Xique： women shi ruhe xianru pinqiong yu manglu de（Scarcity： why having too little means so much）.Wei Wei，Long Zhiyong trans. Hangzhou： Zhengjiang renmin chubanshe，2014.
Wei Houkai. zhongguo quyu xietiao fazhan yanjiu（On Regional Coordinated Development in China）.Beijing：zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe，2012.
World Bank. 2009 nian shijie fazhan baogao：chongsu shijie jingji dili （World Development Report 2009： Reshaping World Economic Geography）.Beijing：qinghua daxue chubanshe，2009.
Zheng Changde，Luobu Jiangcun. zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu jingji fazhan fangshi zhuanbian yanjiu（On the Transformation of the Economic Development Method in Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas）.Beijing：minzu chubanshe，2010.
Zheng Changde.zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu de houfa ganchao yu zhuanxin fazhan（Surpassing Development in Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas and Its Transformation ） .Beijing：jingji kexue chubanshe，2014.
Zheng Changde.zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu baorongxing lvse fazhan yanjiu（On Inclusive Green Development of the Ethnic Minority Areas in China）.Beijing：zhongguo jingji chubanshe，2016.
Zheng Changde ed. zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu jingji fazhan baogao（Economic Development Report of Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas）.Beijing：zhongguo jingji chubanshe，2015.
Zheng Changde ed. zhongguo shaoshu minzu diqu jingji fazhan baogao（Economic Development Report of Chinas Ethnic Minority Areas）.Beijing：zhongguo jingji chubanshe，2013.
Zheng Changde. jiyu baorongxing lvse fazhan shiyu de jizhong lianpian tekun minzu diqu jiepin zhengce yanjiu（A Study on the Policy of Poverty Alleviation in the Extremely Poor Ethnic Areas from the Perspective of Inclusive Green Development）. In Journal of Central South University for Nationalities， 2016（1）.