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Objective: To investigate the effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on the proliferation of Schwann cells in culture.Methods: Applying MTT assay and Thymidine incorporation assay, the effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on the proliferation of Schwann cells isolated from the sciatic nerve of adult rat were studied.Results: Ginsenoside Rb1 (10 μg/ml) significantly induced Schwann cell proliferation, the effect was similar to NGF (50 μg/ml). At high concentrations of Ginsenoside Rb1 (1 mg/ml), the proliferation of Schwann cells was significantly inhibited. Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rb1 at the optimal concentrations is found to be effective in inducing the proliferation of Schwann cells, but at higher concentrations the drug is cytotoxic for Schwann cells.