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庄子并不是文艺理论家,这里所谓的庄子“文艺美学思想”,不过是借用现代的习惯用语,来指称《庄子》一书中所涉及到的某些文艺理论方面的言论罢了。《庄子》一书虽直接论述“美”的言论不多,而且直接谈论艺术和艺术创作的言论也很少,甚至连很少的谈论艺术的言论也并不是有意在讨论艺术问题,而是作为论证他的哲学思想的例子而存在的。但书中关于哲学、人生、政治、社会等问题的论述却具有十分深刻的美学、文艺学意义,它被后世理论家运用于美学、文艺学领域,并产生了巨大而深远的影响。本文对其与文艺美学有关的言论及其在后世的影响试作粗略的评述。 一、崇尚自然之美,反对人工雕琢 庄子反对人为的,损伤事物自然本性的雕饰之“美”,而主张体现淳朴天真的自然之美。庄子认为,世间万物之所以“美”是因为它们体现着“道”。“道”是现实世界之美的根源。美就是“道”,“道”是绝对的“大”和“全”,是自然,因此,美就是自然。这个自然,不是通常说的自然界的山水景物,而是指天地万物形成的自然本质及其天然形态。这种自然之美,具有两个基本特点:一大二全。先说“大”。庄子认为“天地之美”才是“大美”。他说:“天地有大美而不言,四时有明法而不议,万物有成理而不说。圣人者,原天地之美而达万物之理,是
Zhuangzi is not a literary theorist. The so-called “ideology of literature, art and aesthetics” here refers only to borrowing modern idioms to denounce certain literary theories mentioned in Zhuangzi. Although Zhuangzi’s book directly discusses “beauty,” there are few remarks, and there are few direct talks about art and artistic creation. Even very few remarks about art are not intended to discuss the issue of art. Instead, There is an example of his philosophical thinking. However, the expositions on philosophy, life, politics and society in the book have very profound aesthetic and literary significance. They are used by the later theorists in the field of aesthetics and literature and art and have a huge and far-reaching impact. This article makes a sketchy review of his comments on literary aesthetics and its influence on later generations. 1. Advocating the beauty of nature and opposing artificially carving the “beauty” of Zhuangzi’s opposition to man-made and damaging the natural nature of things, and advocating the beauty of simplicity and innocence. Zhuangzi believes that the reason why everything in the world is “beautiful” is because they embody “Taoism.” “Tao” is the root of the beauty of the real world. Beauty is “Taoism.” Taoism is absolutely “big” and “all” and is natural. Therefore, beauty is nature. This nature, instead of the usual landscapes of nature, refers to the natural nature of the formation of all things in the world and its natural form. This natural beauty, has two basic characteristics: a sophistication. First, say “big.” Zhuangzi thinks that “beauty of world” is “great beauty.” He said: "There is beauty in the world but not in words, and when the four laws of Ming dynasty are dismissed, all things are justified without saying that the saints, the beauty of heaven and earth and the truth of all things, are