论文部分内容阅读
在19世纪西方商船到达中国南部沿海之前,对中国清政权的最主要的外部威胁来自准噶尔,它是西部蒙古的一支。17世纪前期,准噶尔征服了西部蒙古其他各部:土尔扈特、和硕特和杜尔伯特,并且组织起了一个强大的军事联盟。整个18世纪,特别是在噶尔丹的领导下,这些部落从外蒙古向西扩张,直到它们成为中亚的主要政权。1690年,善于骑射的准噶尔领袖和他们的骑兵部队侵入了外蒙古,相继威胁北京和西藏。准噶尔的军事胜利震动了中国宫廷,
Before Western merchant ships reached the coast of southern China in the nineteenth century, the most important external threat to the Qing regime in China came from Jungar, which is part of western Mongolia. In the early 17th century, Jungar conquered the other Mongolian ministries in the west: Turgut, Holste and Duerbert, and organized a strong military alliance. Throughout the eighteenth century, and particularly under the leadership of Galdan, these tribes expanded westward from outer Mongolia until they became the main power in Central Asia. In 1690, Zhungar leaders and their cavalry units, capable of riding and shooting, intruded into Outer Mongolia and threatened Beijing and Tibet in succession. The military victory in Jungar shaken the Chinese court,