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近年虽已开发一些新青霉素和新头孢菌素,但与临床要求广谱、低毒和高效的理想抗生素还有差距。例如替卡西林(Ticarcillin)虽较广谱,但对多数葡萄球菌、肠球菌和克雷氏菌耐药。第二代头孢菌素对耐药嗜气革兰氏阴性菌和肠球菌均无效。头孢噻肟(Cefotaxime)和头孢唑肟(Ceftizoxime)对绿脓杆菌的作用均不够理想,对厌氧菌如拟杆菌属无效;头孢哌酮对绿脓杆菌较好,但对拟杆菌效果不佳,大部分经胆排泄,容易引起腹泻;头孢西啶(Ceftazi-
Although some new penicillins and new cephalosporins have been developed in recent years, there is still a gap with the ideal antibiotics that require broad spectrum, low toxicity and high efficiency in clinical practice. For example, Ticarcillin is more broad-spectrum but resistant to most staphylococci, enterococci and Klebsiella. The second generation cephalosporins on drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and enterococci are ineffective. Cefotaxime and Ceftizoxime were not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and were not effective against anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides spp. Cefoperazone was better against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but less effective against Bacteroidetes , Most of the bile excretion, easily lead to diarrhea; Cefazi pyridine (Ceftazi-