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目的:了解华北地区某单位自备水源氟化物和硝酸盐超标情况及对人体健康的潜在危害。方法:2013年4-6月,采用普查的方法,对华北地区某单位自备饮用水源进行调查。建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对氟化物和硝酸盐通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险作出初步评价。结果:调查的自备水源中,氟化物均值为0.03~8.53(0.78±1.03)mg/L。其中天津和内蒙古氟化物浓度与其他地区比较,差异显著(F值=13.12,P<0.01)。合格数269份(79.12%),按地区分类统计,以北京水源中氟化物浓度合格率最高为100%,河北、山西分别为94.85%和92.50%,水中氟化物浓度较高的地区是天津和内蒙古,合格率仅为66.67%和37.23%。显著性检验:北京与内蒙古(χ2=69.892,P=0.000),北京与天津(χ2=33.565,P=0.000),河北与内蒙古(χ2=59.763,P=0.000),河北与天津(χ2=16.250,P=0.000),山西与内蒙古(χ2=24.502,P=0.000),山西与天津(χ2=5.288,P=0.021),以上地区差异显著(P<0.05),其他地区两两比较,差异不显著。硝酸盐氮均值为0.01~98.36(9.07±1.30)mg/L。5个地区自备水源水硝酸盐氮浓度比较,差异显著(F值=17.64,P<0.01)。合格数227份(66.76%),整体χ2=69.27,P<0.05。显著性检验:内蒙古与北京(χ2=69.892,P=0.000),内蒙古与河北(χ2=59.763,P=0.000),内蒙古与天津(χ2=16.250,P=0.000);内蒙古与山西(χ2=24.502,P=0.000),其他地区之间比较差异不显著。应用上述评价模型及参数,计算华北地区某单位氟化物和硝酸盐健康危害的风险值,氟化物健康风险最小值在10-10数量级,最大值在10-8数量级,北京、河北、山西某单位自备水源健康风险平均值在10-9数量级,天津和内蒙古健康风险平均值在10-8数量级,健康风险高于其他地区。硝酸盐健康风险最小值在10-12数量级,最大值在10-8数量级,平均值均在10-9数量级,其中内蒙古地区健康风险值较大。结论:华北地区某单位自备水源氟化物和硝酸盐污染较为严重,氟化物健康风险高于硝酸盐健康风险。
OBJECTIVE: To understand the situation of excessive fluoride and nitrate in a unit-owned water supply in North China and the potential harm to human health. Methods: From April to June in 2013, a census method was used to investigate the drinking water supply of a unit in North China. Establish a health risk assessment model of water environmental pollution and make a preliminary assessment of the health risks caused by fluoride and nitrate through drinking water. Results: In the surveyed self-supplied water sources, the average value of fluoride was 0.03 ~ 8.53 (0.78 ± 1.03) mg / L. The concentrations of fluoride in Tianjin and Inner Mongolia were significantly different from those in other regions (F = 13.12, P <0.01). The qualified number is 269 (79.12%). According to the statistics of different regions, the qualified rate of fluoride in Beijing water source is 100%, that of Hebei and Shanxi is 94.85% and 92.50% respectively. The areas with higher fluoride concentration in water are Tianjin and Inner Mongolia, with a pass rate of only 66.67% and 37.23%. Significant test: Beijing and Inner Mongolia (χ2 = 69.892, P = 0.000), Beijing and Tianjin (χ2 = 33.565, P = 0.000), Hebei and Inner Mongolia (χ2 = 59.763, , P = 0.000), Shanxi and Inner Mongolia (χ2 = 24.502, P = 0.000), Shanxi and Tianjin (χ2 = 5.288, P = 0.021) Significant. Nitrate nitrogen mean was 0.01 ~ 98.36 (9.07 ± 1.30) mg / L. There was significant difference (P <0.01) in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in self-supplied water of five areas. Qualified number 227 (66.76%), the overall χ2 = 69.27, P <0.05. Significant test: Inner Mongolia and Beijing (χ2 = 69.892, P = 0.000), Inner Mongolia and Hebei (χ2 = 59.763, P = 0.000), Inner Mongolia and Tianjin , P = 0.000), no significant difference between other regions. Applying the above evaluation model and parameters, we calculated the risk of health hazards of fluoride and nitrate in a unit of North China. The minimum health risk of fluoride is in the order of 10 to 10 and the maximum is in the order of 10 to 8. The health risks of fluoride in one unit in Beijing, Hebei and Shanxi The average health risk of self-provided water sources is on the order of 10-9, the average health risk in Tianjin and Inner Mongolia is on the order of 10-8, and the health risks are higher than those in other areas. The minimum health risk of nitrate is in the order of 10-12, the maximum is in the order of 10-8, the average is in the order of 10-9, and the health risk in Inner Mongolia is larger. Conclusion: The pollution of fluoride and nitrate in the water source of one unit in North China is more serious, and the health risk of fluoride is higher than the health risk of nitrate.