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西德著名物理学家哈肯(H.Haken)所创始的这门新兴学科——协同学是一门边缘科学,它研究产生宏观空一时或功能结构的系统中,各单元间的合作关系,既研究确定性过程,也研究随机过程。下面论述它与其他学科的关系。协同学有许多方面,从自已专业领域出发探索协同学的科学家,可能首先注意到与自己学科的基本思想最接近的那些方面。物理学家研究协同学时,常常想到热力学,热力学最突出的特点之一是其普遍适用性。不管系统有什么成分,或处于什么状态(气态、液态、固态),热力学的定义都普遍适用。它之所以获得广泛应用是因为它研究宏观量(或可观测量),例如:体积、压力、温度、能量和熵等。显然这些概念适用于大量分子的集合体,而不适合于个别分子。也可采用信息论作类似研究,可用信息论准确计算只有有限信息的系统。某些物理学家认识到协同学与不可逆热力学的共同特点,至少在物理学、化学及生物学领域中,协同学和不可逆热力学都研究偏离热平衡的系统。化学家和物理学家十分惊奇地发现协同系统的各种宏观转变和热平衡系统诸如:液一气相交,铁磁体形成,产生超导性等相变之间存在着密切的类似性。协同系统可以发生连续转变或者不连续转变,可以表示出对称破缺,临界慢化,临界涨落等特征,这在相变理论中,大家是很熟悉的。
The emerging discipline founded by H. Haken, a well-known physicist in West Germany, is a science of fringe. It studies the relations among various units in a system that produces macro-empty or functional structures, Both the deterministic process and the stochastic process are also studied. The following discusses its relationship with other disciplines. There are many aspects to synergetics. Scientists exploring synergies from their field of specialization may first notice those aspects that are closest to the basic ideas of their discipline. Physicists often think of one of the most prominent characteristics of thermodynamics and thermodynamics when studying collaborative learning. They are universally applicable. The definition of thermodynamics is universally applicable regardless of the composition of the system or in what state (gaseous, liquid, solid). It is widely used because it studies macroscopic quantities (or observables) such as volume, pressure, temperature, energy and entropy. Obviously these concepts apply to a large number of molecular aggregates, but not to individual molecules. Information theory can also be used for similar research, information theory can be used to accurately calculate the limited information system. Some physicists recognize the common characteristic of synergetics and irreversible thermodynamics, at least, in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology, that both synergetic and irreversible thermodynamics study systems that deviate from thermal equilibrium. Chemists and physicists have been very surprised to find that there is a close resemblance between the various macroscopic changes in the synergistic system and the thermal equilibrium systems such as liquid-gas interaction, ferromagnet formation, superconductivity and other phase transitions. Collaborative system can occur continuously or discontinuously, which can show the characteristics of symmetry breaking, critical moderation and critical fluctuation, which are all familiar to the theory of phase transition.