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18～19世纪俄国的交通联系严重受制于地理环境,土路铺设困难,春秋季节土路不易行车。铁路大规模兴修前,水路因成本低,无需大量投入,载货量大而长期唱主角,欧俄各地尽享众多河流泛舟之利,地区劳动分工更明确,生产与市场的联系更密切,粮食、木材和金属等大宗商品流通更顺畅。河运与农业生产的需要大体吻合,农业生产是季节性的,农产品的运输也是季节性的。工业生产需要连续进行,无论是原料的供应,产品的销售都需要及时畅通,产销脱节无疑会制约工业生产的发展,乌拉尔的冶金业即是明证。由此,工业革命的发端和迅速兴修铁路则预示着河运的黄金时代已过。
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Russia’s traffic connections were severely constrained by the geographical environment. Difficulty was found in the construction of the dirt roads and roads were not easily accessible in spring and autumn. Before the large-scale reconstruction of the railway, the waterway was a long-time lead role because of its low cost, large amount of cargo and long-term cargo carrying capacity. There were numerous river rafting benefits across Europe and Russia, the division of labor in the region was clearer, the connection between production and the market was closer, Bulk commodities such as wood and metal flow more smoothly. River transport and agricultural production generally meet the needs of agricultural production is seasonal, seasonal transportation of agricultural products. The industrial production needs to be carried out continuously. No matter the supply of raw materials, the sales of the products need to be kept in good time and the production and sales will no doubt restrict the development of industrial production. The metallurgical industry in the Urals is proof. Thus, the onset of the industrial revolution and the rapid rebuilding of the railway indicate the golden age of river transport has passed.