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教师在对小学高年级学生进行古诗词敦学时,既要运用现代汉语词类的一般知识,又要涉及到文言基础中词类活用常识。因而,教师要搞好小学高段的古诗词教学,就应该掌握一些文言词类活用的规律。现摘录教材中个别词类活用例子,归类整理于后,以供参考。第一种,形容词用作名词。《前出塞》里“挽弓当挽强,用箭当用长”句中的“强”和“长”字,均属形容词,在这句中,它们分别是动词“挽”和“用”涉及的对象,意义为“强硬的弓”和“长的箭”。根据一般的语法规则,形容词不受动词的修饰,更不接受动词的行为动作,所以句中“强”和“长”的基本义已转化,临时用作名词。只有这样理解,诗句才能表现唐王朝将士在保疆卫国的正义战争中,选用优良的弓箭(代指武器)去反击入侵敌人的英勇行动和崇高的爱国主义精神。
Teachers in ancient poetry and poetry study for senior students in primary schools, it is necessary to use the general knowledge of modern Chinese part of speech, but also involves the use of common sense in the basis of classical Chinese. Therefore, if teachers want to improve the teaching of ancient poems in the high school of primary school, they should master some laws of how to use the words in classical Chinese. Are excerpts of teaching materials in the use of individual examples of words, classified in order, for reference. The first is adjectives used as nouns. The words “strong” and “long” in the sentence “Qian Qiang Dang Qiang Qiang Qiang, using the arrow as a long one” are all adjectives in the text of “Qian Qie Ji”, in which they are respectively the verbs of “pull” and “use” The objects involved, the meaning of “tough bow” and “long arrow.” According to the general rules of grammar, adjectives are not modified by verbs, nor do they accept verbs. Therefore, the basic meaning of “strong” and “long” in the sentence has been transformed and temporarily used as a noun. Only in this way can verses be used to show that the Tang Dynasty's officers and men chose excellent bows and arrows (on behalf of the armed forces) to counter the heroic invasion of the enemy and the noble spirit of patriotism in the just war of the Pao and the Pao.