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§1.引言在工厂生产中,經常会遇到下列问題:如何估計一台机器(或一个车间等)生产的某一种产品的质量指标(例如棉紗的强力,螺丝釘的口径等)? 这种問題的解决,对生产是有重要意义的,例如对于某一道工序进行了技术革新,我們就必须了解革新后质量和指标提高的情况;或者是比較用两种不同生产方法生产同一种产品的效果是否相同;某一天生产出来的某种产品是否合格等等問題的解决,都和我们前面提出的問題有密切的关系。这种問题的解决不仅是工厂生产所需要的,在其他生产和建设方面也有用。根据实践經驗知道,一台机器所生产的产品的指标一般来說是稳定的,也就是說产品指标变化不大,但是并不都是完全一样的,而是经常有些出入,并且这些出入有时偏高或偏低,也有大有小,驟然看来,很不規則。經过人們长期統計的实践,发現在一定条件下一
§ 1. INTRODUCTION In factory production, you often encounter the following questions: How to estimate the quality index of a product (such as cotton yarn strength, screw diameter, etc.) produced by a machine (or a workshop, etc.)? The solution of these problems is of great significance to production. For example, for a process that has undergone technological innovation, we must understand the improvement of quality and indicators after the innovation; or compare the production of the same product using two different production methods. Whether the effect is the same or not; whether the problem of a certain product produced on a certain day or not is solved is closely related to the issue we raised earlier. The solution to this problem is not only required for factory production, but also useful for other production and construction. According to practical experience, the indicators of the products produced by a machine are generally stable, that is to say, the product indicators do not change much, but they are not all the same, but they are often different, and these are sometimes skewed. High or low, but also large or small, in a sudden, very irregular. After people’s long-term statistical practice, they found that under certain conditions