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Objective:To determine if a relationship exists between the histopathological diagnosis of adenomyosis and the clinical conditions and pathologies that are more commonly related to it in patients undergoing hysterectomy. Methods:Retrospective, comparative, case-control study was conducted. With previous approval by ethics committee, we included 794 patients undergoing hysterectomy at a University Hospital. The Medical records and pathology reports of patients undergoing hysterectomy over a two-year period were reviwed. Clinical conditions and associated pathologies, in patients with and without adenomyosis, were reviewed and compared. Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test. Results:Adenomyosis was reported in 140 out of 794 patients, 17.6%(95%CI:15.1-20.4). No differences in adenomyosis prevalence were found among patients with or without uterine fibroids, 20.2%(75/371) vs. 15.5%(65/423);endometrial polyps, 9.7%(6/62) vs. 18.3%(134/732);and the presence or lack of endometrial hyperplasia 13.9%(5/36) vs. 17.4%(135/758). The prevalence of adenomyosis among patients with endometriosis was 40.7%(11/27), and among those without this diagnosis, 16.8%(129/767). This difference was significant (P=0.001). A history of two or more curettages was also positively related to adenomyosis. Conclusions:There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of adenomyosis in women with endometriosis when compared to women without endometriosis. A higher incidence of adenomyosis was found in patients with a history of two or more curettages. Trauma to the endometrium could explain the higher incidence of adenomyosis in both conditions.