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随着潜载巡航导弹射程的大幅度增加、弹头种类的增多、制导精度的提高以及突防能力的加强,使装备巡航导弹的潜艇具备了强大的战术和战略打击能力,从而提升了潜艇在海上军事斗争的主力地位。因而,促使许多国家竞相发展潜载巡航导弹及其水下发射技术。目前,世界上潜载巡航导弹的水下发射一般采用两种发射方式,即鱼雷管水平发射方式和垂直发射装置的发射方式,而其运用的水下发射技术均为冷发射技术。由于鱼雷管水平发射潜载巡航导弹的技术难度较低,而且简单易行,常规动力潜艇一般采用鱼雷管水平发射技术。然而,从发挥攻击型核潜艇饱和攻击能力、机动灵活的作战能力及远程打击能力等方面来看,潜载巡航导弹垂直发射系统比水平发射具有更大的优越性。因此,美国和苏联/俄罗斯都很重视发展潜载巡航导弹垂直发射技术,以满足它们赋予海军攻击型核潜艇多样化的使命和用途。早期的潜载巡航导弹都采用单管发射技术,即一座发射管只装填一枚巡航导弹。随着潜射巡航导弹垂直发射技术和兼容性共架发射技术的发展,出现了大筒多管潜载巡航导弹发射装置。本文主要论述美、俄两国潜射巡航导弹单管发射技术和大简多管垂直发射技术。
With the substantial increase in the range of submarine-launched cruise missiles, the increase of types of warheads, the improvement of guidance accuracy and the enhancement of penetration capabilities make the submarines equipped with cruise missiles powerful tactical and strategic combat capabilities to enhance the capability of submarines at sea The main position of the military struggle. As a result, many countries are competing for the development of submarine-launched cruise missiles and their underwater launch technology. At present, underwater launching of submarine-launched cruise missiles generally adopts two launching modes, that is, a horizontal launching mode of a torpedo tube and a launching mode of a vertical launching device. The underwater launching technologies used are all cold-launching technologies. Due to the technical difficulty of torpedo tubes firing submarine-launched cruise missiles at a low level and their ease of operation, conventional powered submarines generally use torpedo tube horizontal launch techniques. However, from the perspective of exploiting the attack capability of attack-type nuclear submarines, flexibility of maneuvering ability and long-range strike capability, the vertical launch system of submarine cruise missiles has more advantages than horizontal launch. Therefore, the United States and the Soviet Union / Russia attach great importance to the development of vertical launching technologies for submarine cruise missiles in order to meet the diversified missions and uses they have conferred on naval attack nuclear submarines. Early submersible cruise missiles are used single-tube launch technology, that is, only one launch tube filled with a cruise missile. With the development of the submarine-launched cruise missile vertical launch technology and the compatible common-mount launch technology, the multi-submarine submarine cruise missile launching device has emerged. This article mainly discusses the United States and Russia submarine-launched cruise missile launch technology and large multi-tube vertical launch technology.