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社区是社会的细胞。在传统的计划经济时期,社会个体都依附于一定的单位,个人的工作和生活都与所属单位息息相关,这种以单位为依托的单位体制在当时的社会管理中发挥了重要作用。随着经济、社会改革的深入,大量的社会个体从单位中脱离出来,成为没有单位归属的个体;同时,单位的社会职能也逐步剥离出来,实现了社会化。单位体制的解体,客观上要求一种新的社会体制能够承接过去由单位担负的部分职能,社区制就成为最佳的选择。二十世纪九十年代中期以来,国家即开始了建立社区体制的探索,并取得了巨大成功。深圳是市场经济体制改革最早的地区,市场化的程度也最高,适应经济体制改革带来的深刻社会变化,探索建立以社区为单位的新型社会管理体制,是深圳在完善社会管理体制方面的重大使命。脱胎于传统社会体制的社区制,在经济基础、社会结构、制度背景、运行模式等方面都与西方的社区制存在明显区别。本研究即试图对目前社区制实践过程中存在的矛盾和问题做一总结和梳理,并提出一些理论上的思考。
Community is the cell of society. In the traditional period of planned economy, all social individuals were attached to certain units. The work and life of individuals were closely related to the subordinate units. Such unit-based unit system played an important role in the social management of that time. With the deepening of economic and social reforms, a large number of social individuals detached themselves from their units and became individuals without any unit ownership. At the same time, the social functions of the units were also gradually separated and socialized. The disintegration of the unit system objectively requires that a new social system be able to undertake part of the functions that the unit assumed in the past, and that community system would be the best choice. Since the mid-1990s, the state started the exploration of establishing a community system and achieved great success. Shenzhen is the earliest reform of the market economy system with the highest degree of marketization. Adapting itself to the profound social changes brought about by the economic structural reform, exploring a new social management system based on the community is a major issue for Shenzhen in improving its social management system mission. The community system born out of the traditional social system has obvious differences from the western community system in its economic foundation, social structure, institutional background and operation mode. This research attempts to summarize and sort out the existing contradictions and problems in the process of community-based practice and put forward some theoretical considerations.