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BACKGROUND:The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unclear. The majority of studies have focused on the correlation between various factors and PD,with very different conclusions. To date,there has been no study on the interaction between PD family history and other risk factors,and very few studies have reported on heritability. OBJECTIVE:To explore the risk factors for PD,the interaction between family history and other risk factors,and the impact of genetic factors on PD. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A paired,retrospective,case-control study was performed at the Department of Neurology,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from November 2006 to October 2008. PARTICIPANTS:The case group included 157 Chinese PD patients selected from the Depart-ment of Neurology,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University in China from 2006 to 2008. An additional 157 patients treated in the same department during the same period were selected as the control group,and they were paired with regard to gender,age,and nationality to the case group. METHODS:Various scored factors were investigated in all participants. The association between various factors and PD was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Interaction analysis between family history and other risk factors was performed using a logistic regression model. Heritability analysis was performed with the Falconer method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Risk factors for PD,interaction between family history and other risk factors,and heritability. RESULTS:Logistic regression analysis showed that family history,mental work,insecticide exposure,alcohol,and depression positively correlated with PD (odds ratio = 6.75,2.37,2.42,2.03,5.20,P < 0.05),whereas smoking had a negative correlation with PD (odds ratio = 0.49,P < 0.001). The proportions of the effect attributable to interaction of family history and insecticide exposure,alcohol,and depression were 55.2%,34.0%,and 41.4%,respectively,with a relative excess risk due to interaction of 8.96,3.31,and 7.85,respectively. PD heritability from first-degree relatives was (36.86 ± 5.76) % and from second-degree relatives was (20.66 ± 6.81) %. CONCLUSION:Family history,mental work,insecticide exposure,alcohol,and depression were determined to be risk factors for PD,whereas smoking was a protective factor. Family history had a positive interaction with coexisting risk factors. Genetic factors had a smaller action on PD than environmental factors.
BACKGROUND: The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unclear. The majority of studies have focused on the correlation between various factors and PD, with very different conclusions. To date, there has been no study on the interaction between PD family history and other risk factors, and very few studies have reported on heritability. OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors for PD, the interaction between family history and other risk factors, and the impact of genetic factors on PD. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A paired, retrospective, case-control study was performed at the Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from November 2006 to October 2008. PARTICIPANTS: The case group included 157 Chinese PD patients selected from the Depart ment of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University in China from 2006 to 2008. An additional 157 patients treated in the same department during the same period were selected as the control group, and they were paired with regard to gender METHODS, Various scored factors were investigated in all participants. The association between various factors and PD was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Interaction analysis between family history and other risk factors was performed using a logistic regression model was performed with the Falconer method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for PD, interaction between family history and other risk factors, and heritability. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that family history, mental work, insecticide exposure , alcohol, and depression positively correlated with PD (odds ratio = 6.75, 2.37, 2.42, 2.03, 5.20, P <0.05) the effect attributable to interaction of family history and insecticide exposure, alcohol, and depression were 55.2%, 34.0%, and 41.4%, respectively, with a relative excess riPD due to interaction between 8.96, 3.31, and 7.85, respectively. PD heritability from first-degree relatives was (36.86 ± 5.76)% and from second-degree relatives was (20.66 ± 6.81)%. CONCLUSION: Family history, mental work, Family history had a positive interaction with coexisting risk factors. Genetic factors had a smaller action on PD than environmental factors.