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本文从三个层面考察清代北京的煤矿开采及其劳资关系。首先,是煤矿的消长。16、17世纪之交,北京近郊西山的煤矿有360余座。明清之际战乱,1649年降至170余座,后来逐渐增加,1762年有270余座。然而,由于积水问题无法解决,1801年降至185座,1886年更减至115座。这样一来,导致煤炭供应吃紧。清高宗与清仁宗体察到这一问题的严重性,曾下令官员借款给商人挖掘泄水沟,试图恢复某些矿坑的运作,但成效相当有限。其次,是矿场的经营管理。依照规定,开矿必须向官方申请煤矿执照。投资者通常不直接参与经营,而是由申请者或其委任的管理者掌理,雇用矿长与矿工等,包括专职淘矿坑积水的“打水工”。矿工的工作极为辛苦,而为避免瓦斯中毒,矿坑中设有排气装置。其三,矿
This paper examines the coal mining and labor relations in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty from three aspects. First, the growth and decline of coal mines. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, there were over 360 coal mines in Xishan, a suburb of Beijing. The war between Ming and Qing dynasties dropped to more than 170 in 1649, and then gradually increased to more than 270 in 1762. However, due to the unsolvable water problem, it dropped to 185 in 1801 and to 115 in 1886. As a result, the coal supply is tight. Ching Kao-tsung and Qing Ren-zong, aware of the seriousness of this problem, ordered officials to borrow money from traders to excavate ditches in an attempt to resume the operation of some mines, but with rather limited success. Second, the operation and management of the mine. In accordance with the regulations, mining must apply to the official for coal mining license. Investors are usually not directly involved in the business, but rather are headed by the applicant or its appointed manager, hiring a mine manager and a miner, etc., and include a “plumber” who specializes in collecting water from the pit. Miners work extremely hard, and in order to avoid gas poisoning, pit with exhaust. Third, mine