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脊椎动物视网膜双极细胞有ＯＮ型和ＯＦＦ型两类：ＯＮ型双极细胞对光反应为去极化，ＯＦＦ型双极细胞对光反应为超极化。现知，ＯＮ型双极细胞上含有代谢型谷氨酸受体，暗中光感受器细胞持续释放的谷氨酸与之结合后，造成阳离子通道关闭，引起细胞超极化；光照时谷氨酸释放减少，引起去极化。而ＯＦＦ型双极细胞上含有离子型谷氨酸受体，谷氨酸与之结合后受体本身通道打开，引起细胞去极化；光照时，谷氨酸释放减少，引起超极化
Vertebrate retinal bipolar cells are ON type and OFF type two types: ON bipolar cells respond to light is depolarized, OFF bipolar cells respond to light hyperpolarization. It is known that ON-type bipolar cells contain metabotropic glutamate receptors, dark photoreceptor cells sustained release of glutamic acid combined with it, resulting in the cation channel is closed, causing cell hyperpolarization; when glutamate release Reduce, cause depolarization. While the OFF-type bipolar cells contain ionotropic glutamate receptors, glutamate and the receptor itself after the opening of the channel, causing cell depolarization; light, glutamate release decreased, causing hyperpolarization