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本文从政治和经济两方面论述了俄罗斯油气上业市场机制形成中存在的问题和可能采取的解决办法。政治方面的问题涉及政府机构的改革、矿产使用法的建立以及国家、油气部门利益的划分与结合问题。解决的办法首先是实际企业的股份化。经济方面的问题,涉及如何使经济活动的主体在竞争中合理配置自有资本,并使各经营主体经营目标与国民经济效益目标最大限度地一致。俄罗斯石油工业已根据国家燃料—能源综合体股份化计划组建了三类公司。改革的意图是使其中的一体化公司成为打破部门垄断的市场竞争主体,但由于组建这类公司带有很强的宏观命令性,因而公司经营机制与自主程度都未能达到改革的目的。此外,目前俄罗斯的过严的合同协议形式和过高的通货膨胀率也是油气工业市场机制形成的主要障碍。
This article discusses the problems existing in the formation of Russia’s oil and gas market mechanism and the possible solutions. The political issues involved the reform of government agencies, the establishment of the law on the use of minerals, and the division and integration of interests between the state and the oil and gas sectors. The solution to this problem is first of all the actual company’s shareholding. Economic problems involve how to make the main body of economic activities rationally allocate their own capital in the competition, and make the operating goals of the business entities the same as the national economic benefits goals. The Russian oil industry has established three types of companies in accordance with the national plan to share the fuel-energy complex. The intention of the reform is to make the integrated companies among them become the main players in market competition that breaks the monopoly of the sector. However, due to the strong macro order of the formation of such companies, the company’s operating mechanism and autonomy have failed to achieve the goal of reform. In addition, Russia’s stringent contractual agreements and excessively high inflation rates are also major obstacles to the formation of oil and gas industry market mechanisms.