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在损害赔偿法中,替代交易是一种有效的计算期望损害赔偿的方法,其已经得到各国国内立法以及国际条约或示范法文本的支持。替代交易相对于传统的期望赔偿或实际履行有独特的理论优势和操作性便利,如接近合同履行后的地位、增加确定性、阻止或最小化间接损失的社会成本、有效分配市场风险等等。替代交易的构成体现为实体要素和程序要素,其中实体要素中合理性最为重要,实践中有必要将替代交易分为搜寻和实际选择两个阶段,而且替代交易无需经由法院或非诉讼程序。替代交易是一种任意性救济方式,只适用于不履行的情况,同时在其适用上不限于商事交易和货物交易等。我国未来的合同法修改应当将替代交易予以制度化,以使期望损害赔偿更具现实力,实现合同救济的目的。
In the Damages Act, alternative transactions are an effective method of calculating expected damages and have been supported by national legislation of various countries as well as by texts of international treaties or model laws. Compared with the traditional expectation of compensation or actual performance, alternative transactions have unique theoretical advantages and operational convenience, such as approaching the performance of the contract, increasing the certainty, preventing or minimizing the social costs of indirect losses, effectively allocating market risk and so on. The composition of the alternative transaction is embodied as an entity element and a procedural element. Among the substantive elements, rationality is most important. In practice, it is necessary to divide the alternative transaction into two stages: search and actual selection, and the alternative transaction does not need to go through the court or the non-litigation process. Alternative trading is an arbitrary remedy that applies only to non-performance cases and is not limited in its application to commercial transactions and goods transactions. In the future, the revision of the contract law in our country should institutionalize alternative transactions so as to make the expectation of damages more realistic and achieve the purpose of contractual remedies.