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摘要: 本文从一本流行的英语口语教材出发,就使用本教材的基本方法和步骤,以及其中的注意事项和问题,一一作了介绍。同时,就教材中的不足和问题,以及学员学习过程中存在的问题也作了分析。
关键词: 《人人说英语》教材教学步骤存在问题
自2006年2月份开始,我在深圳大浪成人文化技术学校教授《人人说英语》(中级)一书,该书由北京外语教学与研究出版社出版。学员是来自深圳宝安区大浪、龙华及周边几个街道,如观澜、石岩等。绝大多数学员都是在职工作者,他们的家庭及受教育背景各异,英语水平参差不齐——从初中到大学公共英语六级。但他们都有一个共同点:可以用英语进行一些阅读和写作,但是口语和听力水平明显低于阅读和写作。他们共同的弱点存在于发音、语调、拼写、基础语法等方面。该课程每周周一和周五晚上进行,时间是19:00-21:00。
一、教材情况
《人人说英语》是一套专为中国人设计的英语口语教材,全套三册,分别适用于初级、中级和高级的学习者使用。本书的特点是打破了传统英语教学注重语法和学科体系完善的模式,而是由浅入深、循序渐进,重视口语训练,并针对中国人的学习特点,大胆采取项目教学、情景教学等教学方法,是一套趣味性强、便于记忆、灵活实用的口语训练教材。中级教材的主编是北京外国语大学的蒋祖康教授,专家编写委员会成员有:北京外国语大学校长陈乃芳、外语教学与研究出版社社长李朋义、北京外国语大学外国语言研究所所长刘润清教授等。教材的《前言》介绍道:随着我国加入世贸组织、扩大对外开放和参与全球化竞争的加快,我们和外国人士接触的机会也越来越多。不论是在国内还是在国外,因生活和工作的需要,都要和外国人交谈和办事。英语作为世界通用语言已被广泛应用于社会交往的各个方面。完成全套课程的学习后,学生应该掌握2,500到3,000个常用英语单词,并能够用英语与国际人士进行有效交流。我只谈及这套教材的第二册(中级)。
第二册共12个单元,内容含括购物、交通、健康、急救、学习、娱乐、旅游、饭馆吃饭、自由活动、天气、中国节假日、运动和奥运会等。书后附有每个单元十个关键句子和四篇对话的参考译文、部分练习答案、各单元常用词汇及日常词汇表。
二、教学步骤
鉴于学员们课后接触英语的时间有限,我坚持课堂用语尽量使用英语,以求学员们在最短时间内摄入最大量的英语信息。如遇部分学生理解出现困难,我通常使用身体语言、面部表情,以及由班上英语较好的学生作英文解释或中文翻译来帮助理解。每两个小时的安排如下:复习(5分钟)—学习新课(1小时)—进一步练习(45分钟)。
教学步骤举例及课堂教学反馈
Unit 12?摇Task 3
Paul is in a bar talking with a bartender.
Paul:One beer,please.
Bartender:Yes.Here you are,sir.
P:Thanks.By the way,why does everyone here seem to go wild?What happened?
B:Our city football team won again.It’s fantastic!We are qualified for the F.A. Cup final.
P:Oh,congratulations.But was there much good play?
B:The match was absolutely brilliant in the first half.Both team(s)made several attempts on the goal.We got the first goal only three minutes into the game.The second half was a little boring,but anyway we won,2-0.
P:Good.I just love the moment when someone scores.
B:So you are a football fan too?
P:You bet!I support Manchester United and seldom miss their games.What about you?Do you go to the stadium to watch games?
B:No.I watch live football games here in my bar with my customers.They are exciting!
P:They surely are,and...unpredictable.That’s the charm of this sport.
(一)复习旧课(略)
(二)学习新课
1.介绍新词:
wild,fantastic,be qualified for,congratulations,absolutely brilliant,make several attempts on the goal,three minutes into the game,boring,2-0,score,support Manchester United,live football games,unpredictable,charm
2.学生出现的发音错误:
wild(与“wide”混淆),absolutely(重音错置),score(与“soccer”混淆),united(/ai/读cheng/i/),unpredictable(/pri/读成/pre/)。
(上面的错误需要老师明确指出,进行比较再反复带读学生,特别要让读错的学生朗读,以确认错误得以纠正。老师也要认识到:这些被暂时纠正了的错误,在对话朗读及后续的练习中可能还会出现。)
3.学生集体跟读、分组读、两人一组读、单独读,直到没有明显的发音错误;
4.老师用英语对生词的意义及用法进行讲解;
5.学生合上书,听老师朗读对话/也可以听对话录音;学生打开书,听老师用英语逐句讲解对话;
6.学生跟读,以集体、分组、两人一组、单独等形式交换进行;其它学生听并记下朗读的同学在朗读过程中出现的错误;
7.老师提醒未被学生发现的错误;
8.学生看着对话汉语译文听对话英文录音;
9.学生分成小组看着汉语译文尝试说出英文;
10.一名学生上黑板,其它学生在座位上听写对话中的短语和单词;
11.学生依靠听写过的单词和短语说出对话中用了这些单词和短语的句子;老师就学生出现错误地方的语法点进行讲解(学生出错的地方往往是语法知识欠缺的地方,需要老师详细讲解并出相关练习题,以达到加深巩固的目的);
12.在全班范围内,快速说出对话中的每个句子,具体方式为:一组一句、多人一句、三人一句、两人一句、一人一句,交替以纵横、顺/逆时针等,总之:要尽量快!速度第一,遇有卡壳的,迅速安排下一个继续;
13.选取几个好的句子让学生听写,然后就这些句子以对子的形式进行提问,答案形式按照如下程序进行:1)最短的形式,2)完整的句子;
14.学生按照对话中的不同角色来讲述对话中的故事内容,提醒学生注意时态变化;如:
I am Paul.I went to a bar yesterday evening and had an interesting talk with a bartender there.We talked about a football match.His city football team won a game and they were qualified for the F.A.Cup final.The match was absolutely brilliant in the first half.Both teams made several attempts on the goal.Their team got the first goal only three minutes into the game.The second half was a little boring,but they won,2-0.His job makes it impossible for him to watch games in the stadium.He can only watch live games in the bar with his customers.
老师事先可提醒学生注意选用合适的人称代词(I,my,we,their,he,his)和动词过去式的变化形式(下画线部分)。如有必要,可先把动词原形通过听写的方式写在黑板上,然后让学生把相关动词的过去形式写出来。另外,老师还可让学生解释为何粗斜体动词不用变成过去形式。
15.相关话题:
1)Do you watch sports games on TV every day?
2)Who/what is your favorite athlete/team?Why?
3)Do you prefer to watch games by yourself or with others?Why?
4)Have you ever been to a bar?
5)Do you think it is a good place to go?Why (not)?
6)Where do you often spend your free time?
7)Have you ever been a bartender?
8)What do you think of the job of a bartender?
9)Do you want to be bartender?Why (not)?
10)What team do you support?Why?
16.根据课文内容完成句子:
1)Paul is/loves/seldom misses...
2)Everyone in the bar seems to go wild because...
3)The match was absolutely brilliant because...
4)Paul loves the moment...
5)The charm of football is...
三、课本中存在的问题
本书的谬误不少(黑体下画线部分),有匆忙赶制和缺乏认真负责的编写态度之嫌。现将部分谬误列举如下,分号后的是建议的修改形式。
p.11)Line 11 Good morning,can I help you?:...morning.Can...?
p.91)Line 19 Speak Yourself:Speak to Yourself
p.11 1)Line 18 The flight will take about 2 hours:...two...
p.12 1)Line 18...circling through Beijing’s many narrow hutong is a fascinating experience to get to know the city:..cycling...
p.13 1)Line 11 You just wait at where you alight:...wait where...
p.18 1)Line 4 I get lost:I got lost.
p.22 1)Line 9 I just wonder why he doesn’t show up in the last important games:didn’t
2)Line 11 He had such bad flu...:such a bad
p.23 1)Line 1 He had such the bad flu:a
p.33 1)Line 14 Really,I should...:Really?...
2)Line 29 How long have you been learning about Peking opera?:Learning
p.34 1)Line 2 I should have read about it before class:read
2)Line 4 I should have learned about it while I was in school:learned
p.36 1)Line 25I am not sure how to begin?:begin.
p.38 1)Line 13 Many people are not studying at a college,and they are interested in other kinds of learning:but rather/forms
2)Line 15 they may even learn on Internet classes:they may even take classes from the internet
p.48 1)Line 26 Here is a passage talking about first aid services in China:about
p.60 1)Line 17 People in China can enjoy movies and TV series produced by China and other countries,as well:in China and other countries as well
p.65 1)Lines 17,20,23 Well why shouldn’t they?
Well they are not really...
Well I do.
上述句子中所有“well”字后应加上逗号。
p.74 1)Line 12May I suggest Kung-pao chicken.:chicken?
p.97 1)Line 1 But it rains quite lot:a lot
2)Line 6 It shines and also rains.:The sun shines and also it rains.
p.104 1)Line 2 ...at the great changes in China that have taken place:that have taken place in China
p.106 1)Line 22 May.12th:May 12th
p.112 1)Line 31 I run 2000 meters everyday:every day
p.114 1)A reporter,is interviewing him:A reporter is interviewing him.
p.116 1)Line 29 Both team made several attempts on the goal.:teams
2)Line 31 We got the first goal only 3 minutes into the game:three
p.117 1)Line 4 I support Manchester United and seldom miss their game:
games
2)Line 29 Neither of the team scored:teams
p.118 1)Line 5 I just love the moment someone scores:when someone scores.
2)Line 20Leeds won 3-1.It’s dramatic.:It was...
p.121 1)Line 10 Here we have two paragraphs,one about China’s Olympic achievements and the other another Olympic city:Here are two passages,one is about China’s Olympic achievements,the other is about another Olympic city...
p.122 1)Line 9 track and fields events:field
上述所列肯定有疏漏,我建议对于教科书的出版把关还须加强。除此之外,本书还存在如下不足之处:1)每单元书后部分练习括号内的提示用英语用词过难,老师不好处理使用。做这些练习前,学生需要先学习这些生词后方可完成练习。而这样的练习应该是为了巩固、提高学生所学的知识而设计的,而不应该变成学习更多生词的又一个环节。2)每单元前的十个核心句子很好,但不是所有的句子都出自课后对话,有些和对话中的句子有出入,是否违背编者初衷?3)课后汉语译文谬误/不准确之处也不少,容易误导学生。
四、学员存在的问题
大部分学员学习都很努力,但是不少学员的出勤率不高,因而对他们的学习有不小的负面影响。缺席的常见理由是:加班、工作没完成、下班后太累、恶劣天气(雷雨、打雷、台风等)。和中国其他地区一样,为数不少的学生(我称之)是“访客生”或“参观生”,他们通常游走于各个不同的培训机构或不同班级之间,目的是找到一条学习英语的捷径。抱此态度,他们学不好英语是必然的。而那些持之以恒的学生都是有进步的。有些学生为了听课,甚至不惜更换工作地点。成年人学习外语的难度确实很大,其中发音/口音的问题尤为突出。鉴于口音在全世界范围内广泛存在,我们暂且忽略。只要能让他人听懂自己所言,交流的目的就已达到。菲律宾/印度英语和美国英语的语音不也是相距甚远吗?随着中国作为一个经济强国的出现,带有“中国口音”的英语必将是世界五颜六色英语大家族中的一名力量强盛的成员。一定的流利度和准确度,加上别人可以理解的发音/口音就可以使一个学习英语的人成为一个合格的说英语的人。
参考文献:
[1]蒋祖康.人人说英语(中级).北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
[2]英语系素质调查组.中国英语本科学生素质调查报告.北京外国语学院,1992.
[3]中国英语教学—1985年广州中国英语教学国际研讨会论文集.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1990.
[4]张连仲主编.基础教育现代化教学基本功(中学英语卷).北京:首都师范大学出版社,1997.
[5]章振邦.新编英语语法教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1983.
[6]全国师专英语专业教学调查领导小组办公室.全国师范专科学校英语专业教学调查报告.1991.
[7]Corder,S.Pit.Introducing Applied Linguistics Penguin Books.1973.
[8]Howatt,A.P.R.A History of English Language Teaching.London:Oxford University Press,1984.
[9]Yalden,J.The Communicative Syllabus:Evolution,Design and Implementation.Oxford:Pergamon,1981.
关键词: 《人人说英语》教材教学步骤存在问题
自2006年2月份开始,我在深圳大浪成人文化技术学校教授《人人说英语》(中级)一书,该书由北京外语教学与研究出版社出版。学员是来自深圳宝安区大浪、龙华及周边几个街道,如观澜、石岩等。绝大多数学员都是在职工作者,他们的家庭及受教育背景各异,英语水平参差不齐——从初中到大学公共英语六级。但他们都有一个共同点:可以用英语进行一些阅读和写作,但是口语和听力水平明显低于阅读和写作。他们共同的弱点存在于发音、语调、拼写、基础语法等方面。该课程每周周一和周五晚上进行,时间是19:00-21:00。
一、教材情况
《人人说英语》是一套专为中国人设计的英语口语教材,全套三册,分别适用于初级、中级和高级的学习者使用。本书的特点是打破了传统英语教学注重语法和学科体系完善的模式,而是由浅入深、循序渐进,重视口语训练,并针对中国人的学习特点,大胆采取项目教学、情景教学等教学方法,是一套趣味性强、便于记忆、灵活实用的口语训练教材。中级教材的主编是北京外国语大学的蒋祖康教授,专家编写委员会成员有:北京外国语大学校长陈乃芳、外语教学与研究出版社社长李朋义、北京外国语大学外国语言研究所所长刘润清教授等。教材的《前言》介绍道:随着我国加入世贸组织、扩大对外开放和参与全球化竞争的加快,我们和外国人士接触的机会也越来越多。不论是在国内还是在国外,因生活和工作的需要,都要和外国人交谈和办事。英语作为世界通用语言已被广泛应用于社会交往的各个方面。完成全套课程的学习后,学生应该掌握2,500到3,000个常用英语单词,并能够用英语与国际人士进行有效交流。我只谈及这套教材的第二册(中级)。
第二册共12个单元,内容含括购物、交通、健康、急救、学习、娱乐、旅游、饭馆吃饭、自由活动、天气、中国节假日、运动和奥运会等。书后附有每个单元十个关键句子和四篇对话的参考译文、部分练习答案、各单元常用词汇及日常词汇表。
二、教学步骤
鉴于学员们课后接触英语的时间有限,我坚持课堂用语尽量使用英语,以求学员们在最短时间内摄入最大量的英语信息。如遇部分学生理解出现困难,我通常使用身体语言、面部表情,以及由班上英语较好的学生作英文解释或中文翻译来帮助理解。每两个小时的安排如下:复习(5分钟)—学习新课(1小时)—进一步练习(45分钟)。
教学步骤举例及课堂教学反馈
Unit 12?摇Task 3
Paul is in a bar talking with a bartender.
Paul:One beer,please.
Bartender:Yes.Here you are,sir.
P:Thanks.By the way,why does everyone here seem to go wild?What happened?
B:Our city football team won again.It’s fantastic!We are qualified for the F.A. Cup final.
P:Oh,congratulations.But was there much good play?
B:The match was absolutely brilliant in the first half.Both team(s)made several attempts on the goal.We got the first goal only three minutes into the game.The second half was a little boring,but anyway we won,2-0.
P:Good.I just love the moment when someone scores.
B:So you are a football fan too?
P:You bet!I support Manchester United and seldom miss their games.What about you?Do you go to the stadium to watch games?
B:No.I watch live football games here in my bar with my customers.They are exciting!
P:They surely are,and...unpredictable.That’s the charm of this sport.
(一)复习旧课(略)
(二)学习新课
1.介绍新词:
wild,fantastic,be qualified for,congratulations,absolutely brilliant,make several attempts on the goal,three minutes into the game,boring,2-0,score,support Manchester United,live football games,unpredictable,charm
2.学生出现的发音错误:
wild(与“wide”混淆),absolutely(重音错置),score(与“soccer”混淆),united(/ai/读cheng/i/),unpredictable(/pri/读成/pre/)。
(上面的错误需要老师明确指出,进行比较再反复带读学生,特别要让读错的学生朗读,以确认错误得以纠正。老师也要认识到:这些被暂时纠正了的错误,在对话朗读及后续的练习中可能还会出现。)
3.学生集体跟读、分组读、两人一组读、单独读,直到没有明显的发音错误;
4.老师用英语对生词的意义及用法进行讲解;
5.学生合上书,听老师朗读对话/也可以听对话录音;学生打开书,听老师用英语逐句讲解对话;
6.学生跟读,以集体、分组、两人一组、单独等形式交换进行;其它学生听并记下朗读的同学在朗读过程中出现的错误;
7.老师提醒未被学生发现的错误;
8.学生看着对话汉语译文听对话英文录音;
9.学生分成小组看着汉语译文尝试说出英文;
10.一名学生上黑板,其它学生在座位上听写对话中的短语和单词;
11.学生依靠听写过的单词和短语说出对话中用了这些单词和短语的句子;老师就学生出现错误地方的语法点进行讲解(学生出错的地方往往是语法知识欠缺的地方,需要老师详细讲解并出相关练习题,以达到加深巩固的目的);
12.在全班范围内,快速说出对话中的每个句子,具体方式为:一组一句、多人一句、三人一句、两人一句、一人一句,交替以纵横、顺/逆时针等,总之:要尽量快!速度第一,遇有卡壳的,迅速安排下一个继续;
13.选取几个好的句子让学生听写,然后就这些句子以对子的形式进行提问,答案形式按照如下程序进行:1)最短的形式,2)完整的句子;
14.学生按照对话中的不同角色来讲述对话中的故事内容,提醒学生注意时态变化;如:
I am Paul.I went to a bar yesterday evening and had an interesting talk with a bartender there.We talked about a football match.His city football team won a game and they were qualified for the F.A.Cup final.The match was absolutely brilliant in the first half.Both teams made several attempts on the goal.Their team got the first goal only three minutes into the game.The second half was a little boring,but they won,2-0.His job makes it impossible for him to watch games in the stadium.He can only watch live games in the bar with his customers.
老师事先可提醒学生注意选用合适的人称代词(I,my,we,their,he,his)和动词过去式的变化形式(下画线部分)。如有必要,可先把动词原形通过听写的方式写在黑板上,然后让学生把相关动词的过去形式写出来。另外,老师还可让学生解释为何粗斜体动词不用变成过去形式。
15.相关话题:
1)Do you watch sports games on TV every day?
2)Who/what is your favorite athlete/team?Why?
3)Do you prefer to watch games by yourself or with others?Why?
4)Have you ever been to a bar?
5)Do you think it is a good place to go?Why (not)?
6)Where do you often spend your free time?
7)Have you ever been a bartender?
8)What do you think of the job of a bartender?
9)Do you want to be bartender?Why (not)?
10)What team do you support?Why?
16.根据课文内容完成句子:
1)Paul is/loves/seldom misses...
2)Everyone in the bar seems to go wild because...
3)The match was absolutely brilliant because...
4)Paul loves the moment...
5)The charm of football is...
三、课本中存在的问题
本书的谬误不少(黑体下画线部分),有匆忙赶制和缺乏认真负责的编写态度之嫌。现将部分谬误列举如下,分号后的是建议的修改形式。
p.11)Line 11 Good morning,can I help you?:...morning.Can...?
p.91)Line 19 Speak Yourself:Speak to Yourself
p.11 1)Line 18 The flight will take about 2 hours:...two...
p.12 1)Line 18...circling through Beijing’s many narrow hutong is a fascinating experience to get to know the city:..cycling...
p.13 1)Line 11 You just wait at where you alight:...wait where...
p.18 1)Line 4 I get lost:I got lost.
p.22 1)Line 9 I just wonder why he doesn’t show up in the last important games:didn’t
2)Line 11 He had such bad flu...:such a bad
p.23 1)Line 1 He had such the bad flu:a
p.33 1)Line 14 Really,I should...:Really?...
2)Line 29 How long have you been learning about Peking opera?:Learning
p.34 1)Line 2 I should have read about it before class:read
2)Line 4 I should have learned about it while I was in school:learned
p.36 1)Line 25I am not sure how to begin?:begin.
p.38 1)Line 13 Many people are not studying at a college,and they are interested in other kinds of learning:but rather/forms
2)Line 15 they may even learn on Internet classes:they may even take classes from the internet
p.48 1)Line 26 Here is a passage talking about first aid services in China:about
p.60 1)Line 17 People in China can enjoy movies and TV series produced by China and other countries,as well:in China and other countries as well
p.65 1)Lines 17,20,23 Well why shouldn’t they?
Well they are not really...
Well I do.
上述句子中所有“well”字后应加上逗号。
p.74 1)Line 12May I suggest Kung-pao chicken.:chicken?
p.97 1)Line 1 But it rains quite lot:a lot
2)Line 6 It shines and also rains.:The sun shines and also it rains.
p.104 1)Line 2 ...at the great changes in China that have taken place:that have taken place in China
p.106 1)Line 22 May.12th:May 12th
p.112 1)Line 31 I run 2000 meters everyday:every day
p.114 1)A reporter,is interviewing him:A reporter is interviewing him.
p.116 1)Line 29 Both team made several attempts on the goal.:teams
2)Line 31 We got the first goal only 3 minutes into the game:three
p.117 1)Line 4 I support Manchester United and seldom miss their game:
games
2)Line 29 Neither of the team scored:teams
p.118 1)Line 5 I just love the moment someone scores:when someone scores.
2)Line 20Leeds won 3-1.It’s dramatic.:It was...
p.121 1)Line 10 Here we have two paragraphs,one about China’s Olympic achievements and the other another Olympic city:Here are two passages,one is about China’s Olympic achievements,the other is about another Olympic city...
p.122 1)Line 9 track and fields events:field
上述所列肯定有疏漏,我建议对于教科书的出版把关还须加强。除此之外,本书还存在如下不足之处:1)每单元书后部分练习括号内的提示用英语用词过难,老师不好处理使用。做这些练习前,学生需要先学习这些生词后方可完成练习。而这样的练习应该是为了巩固、提高学生所学的知识而设计的,而不应该变成学习更多生词的又一个环节。2)每单元前的十个核心句子很好,但不是所有的句子都出自课后对话,有些和对话中的句子有出入,是否违背编者初衷?3)课后汉语译文谬误/不准确之处也不少,容易误导学生。
四、学员存在的问题
大部分学员学习都很努力,但是不少学员的出勤率不高,因而对他们的学习有不小的负面影响。缺席的常见理由是:加班、工作没完成、下班后太累、恶劣天气(雷雨、打雷、台风等)。和中国其他地区一样,为数不少的学生(我称之)是“访客生”或“参观生”,他们通常游走于各个不同的培训机构或不同班级之间,目的是找到一条学习英语的捷径。抱此态度,他们学不好英语是必然的。而那些持之以恒的学生都是有进步的。有些学生为了听课,甚至不惜更换工作地点。成年人学习外语的难度确实很大,其中发音/口音的问题尤为突出。鉴于口音在全世界范围内广泛存在,我们暂且忽略。只要能让他人听懂自己所言,交流的目的就已达到。菲律宾/印度英语和美国英语的语音不也是相距甚远吗?随着中国作为一个经济强国的出现,带有“中国口音”的英语必将是世界五颜六色英语大家族中的一名力量强盛的成员。一定的流利度和准确度,加上别人可以理解的发音/口音就可以使一个学习英语的人成为一个合格的说英语的人。
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