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清代限定广州为中国唯一对外通商口岸的年代,外国著作中或称为“广州体系时期”(Canton System Days,1757-1842)。如果不熟悉这段历史,对这一标新提法,可能感到迷惑不解。在此期间,云集广州直接和间接从事贸易的主要商人,大致来说,除了贸易对手英国东印度公司为主的外国商人,中国商人主要是广州行商,即当时人著录中称为洋货十三行的商人。他们是官府特许设立经营外贸的经纪商人(中介贸易商),亦称官商,代替国家为维护本国利益和经济独立自主,而执行着对外贸易管制的各种政策法令措施。此外,还有铺商,即洋货店铺商,专门供给“夷人水梢等所需
In the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was the only foreign trade port in China. In foreign works, it was called ”Canton System Days“ (1757-1842). If you are unfamiliar with this history, you may feel puzzled by this new formulation. In the meantime, the major traders who gathered in Guangzhou directly and indirectly engaged in trade. Generally speaking, in addition to the foreign traders mainly based on the business of the British East India Company, the Chinese traders were mainly traders in Guangzhou. Namely, Businessman. They are the official franchisee set up to operate foreign trade brokers (intermediary traders), also known as the official, instead of the state in order to safeguard their own interests and economic independence, and the implementation of a variety of foreign trade control policies and measures. In addition, there are shops, that is, foreign goods shops, specifically for the ”barbarians and other needs