INTRODUCTIONrnAdult bone is a dynamic tissue that constantly adapts its structure through bone remodeling. Osteocytes originate from osteoprogeni-tors through o
INTRODUCTIONrnLow back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability among elderly individuals and imposes substantial social and economic burden on societies world
INTRODUCTIONrnOsteoarthritis (OA), which is characterized by osteophyte forma-tion, slight synovial inflammation, subchondral bone lesions, and destruction of a
INTRODUCTIONrnBone homeostasis is maintained by the balanced functions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts.1-2 Excessive osteoclast activ