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从历届各地高考英语试题不难发现,when一词已成为高考命题的热点词汇之一,它可以引导高考必考的名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。2009年全国高考有六个地区的试卷考查了when的不同用法。在最近五年的高考中(2005—2009),如福建卷分别在2005、2008和2009三年的试卷中考查了when引导状语从句;四川卷在2008和2009连续两年以及山东卷在2006和2008年的考卷中分别考查了when引导状语从句和定语从句。遗憾的是,不少考生对于when用法的认知不够全面,不能详尽地掌握它的多重用法,因此有必要对该单词予以进一步的讨论。本文将在结合理解高考英语试题的基础上,对when的主要用法进行简要的分析。
一、当(某事发生)时(Definition:at or during the time that something happens)。
(1)When the family came here from Russia,they were penniless.
那家人从俄罗斯迁来这里时身无分文。
(2)He flew Tornado jets when he was in the airforce.
他在空军服役时驾驶龙卷风战斗机。
【高考试题】
例1:(NMET 2008 辽宁 32)
I used to love that film _______I was a child,but I don’t feel it that way any more.
A.once B.when C.since D.although
例2:(NMET 2007 北京25)
——Where’s that report?
——I brought it to you _______you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday.
A.if B.when C.because D.before
例3:(NMET 2005 福建24)
——Did Jack come back early last night?
——Yes.It was not yet eight o’clock_______he arrived home.
A.before B.when C.that D.until
例4:(NMET 2009 安徽 27)
A good friend of mine from _______I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A.how B.whom C.when D.which
分析:以上四个例题的答案分别为ABBBC,均考查了when的用法。在例1—3中,when引导状语从句,例4中的when引导宾语从句(作为介词from的宾语)。
二、(用于时间的表达方式之后)在那时(Definition:at which,in which,on which,at which time,on which occasion,etc.)。
(1)Sunday is the only day when I can relax.
星期天是我唯一可以休息的日子。
(2)There are times when I wonder why I do this job.
有时候我也不明白我为什么要干这个工作。
(3)The last time I went to Scotland was in May,when the weather was beautiful.
我上次去苏格兰是在五月份,那时的天气好极了。
【高考试题】
例5:(NMET 2009 江苏 23)
Because of the financial crisis,days are gone_______local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.
A.if B.when C.which D.since
例6:(NMET 2009 四川 20)
She’ll never forget her stay there _______she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A.that B.which C.where D.when
例7:(NMET 2008 山东 26)
Occasions are quite rare_______I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
A.who B.which C.why D.when
分析:以上三题的答案依次为ADD。when在每句中都引导定语从句,分别相等于in which,during which和on which occasions.
三、一……就;刚……就(Definition:just after or as soon as soon something happens)。
(1)He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.
他刚睡着电话铃就响了。
(2)Rachel washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished.
刚吃完饭雷切尔就洗了餐具并泡了咖啡。
【高考试题】
例8:(NMET 2009 福建33)
She had just finished her homework _______her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
A.when B.while C.after D.since
分析:答案为A。句子可译为“昨天刚做完作业,她妈妈就让她练习弹钢琴”。
四、(用于引出使某人的行为看似出人意料的情景)既然;虽然(Definition:considering that;although)。
(1)Why does she always drive to work when she could easily take the train?
她去上班明明坐火车很方便可为什么总要自己开车呢?
(2)He went on protesting his innocence when he was obviously guilty.
很明显他有罪,但他继续申明自己无罪。
(3)He silenced his friends when they attempted to talk to him about it.
尽管朋友们试图跟他谈这件事,但他却不让他们说。
(4)Why bother to paint it when you can photograph it with the same effect?
既然照片可以具有同样的效果,你又何必费精力去画呢?
【高考试题】
例9:(NMET 2006 山东31)
How can you expect to learn anything _______you never listen?
A.in case B.even if C.unless D.when
分析:答案为D。意为:既然你从不听讲,你又怎么能指望学到东西呢?
五、在……之后(Definition:after)。
(1)Call me when you’ve finished.
你完成后就给我打电话。
(2)When the guests left the house,Anna went to see her son and put him to bed herself.
客人们离开之后,安娜去看她的儿子,并亲自安顿他睡觉。
【高考试题】
例10:(NMET 2008 四川6)
There were some chairs left over _______everyone had sat down.
A.when B.until C.that D.where
分析:答案为A。句子意为:大家都就坐了以后还剩下一些椅子。
六、与副词hardly或scarcely搭配使用,构成句型“hardly(或scarcely)...when”。此结构等同于“No sooner...than...”,表示从句动作紧跟主语动作之后发生。
(1)He had hardly finished when someone rose to refuse his points.
他话音刚落就有人起身反驳他的看法。
(2)Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就瘪了。
【高考试题】
例11:(NMET 2006 天津 3)
——Did Linda see the traffic accident?
——No,no sooner _______than it happened.
A.had she goneB.she had gone
C.has she goneD.she has gone
分析:答案为A。在hardly(scarcely)...when;no sooner...than结构中,当hardly,scarcely,no sooner位于句首时,需要部分倒装,且hardly,scarcely,no sooner后的句子的时态用过去完成时。上文中的句子可以改为“hardly(scarcely)had she gone when it happened”。
七、与by或since构成by/since when结构,意为“在……之前/自从”(Definition:before or since which time)。
(1)The baby is due in May,by when the new house should be finished.
宝宝的预产期在五月,那时新房子应该造好了。
(2)Since when have you been in charge of the project?
你是从什么时候起负责这个项目的?
例12:(NMET 2007 山东 35)
The book was written in 1946,_______the education has witnessed great changes.
A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when
分析:答案为D。此句可译为:这本书写于1946年,从那以后教育就发生了巨大的变化。
由以上例句与近几年高考真题可见,连词when的用法是灵活多样的。它可以用作副词、代词、连词,能够引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句,能够体现主句和从句之间的多种逻辑关系,如时间、条件、让步、转折、因果关系等。因此,全面掌握when的多个词性、多重用法及其含义对于准确理解和解答与之相关的句式和试题具有重要的意义。
八、走进高考。
1.(NMET 2003,28)
Don’t be afraid of asking for help _______it is needed.
A.unless B.since C.although D.when
2.(NMET 2003 湖北 23)
There was _______time _______I hated to go to school.
A.a;that B.a;when C.the;that D.the;when
3.(NMET 2004,春季北京 26)
We were swimming in the lake _______suddenly the storm started.
A.when B.while C.until D.before
4.(NMET 2004 上海 38)
Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park_______she was bitten on the leg by a lion.
A.when B.while C.since D.once
5.(NMET 2008,福建 28)
Nancy enjoyed herself so much _______she visited her friends in Sydney last year.
A.that B.which C.when D.where
6.(NMET 2009 重庆 27)
27.Peter was so excited _______he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.
A.where B.that C.why D.when
7.(NMET 2008, 天津 12)
The last time we had great fun was _______we were visiting the Water Park.
A.where B.how C.when D.why
8.(NMET 2010全国Ⅱ, 7)
Tom was about to close the window _______his attention was caught by a bird.
A.when B.if C.and D.till
参考答案:DBAA CDCA
一、当(某事发生)时(Definition:at or during the time that something happens)。
(1)When the family came here from Russia,they were penniless.
那家人从俄罗斯迁来这里时身无分文。
(2)He flew Tornado jets when he was in the airforce.
他在空军服役时驾驶龙卷风战斗机。
【高考试题】
例1:(NMET 2008 辽宁 32)
I used to love that film _______I was a child,but I don’t feel it that way any more.
A.once B.when C.since D.although
例2:(NMET 2007 北京25)
——Where’s that report?
——I brought it to you _______you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday.
A.if B.when C.because D.before
例3:(NMET 2005 福建24)
——Did Jack come back early last night?
——Yes.It was not yet eight o’clock_______he arrived home.
A.before B.when C.that D.until
例4:(NMET 2009 安徽 27)
A good friend of mine from _______I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A.how B.whom C.when D.which
分析:以上四个例题的答案分别为ABBBC,均考查了when的用法。在例1—3中,when引导状语从句,例4中的when引导宾语从句(作为介词from的宾语)。
二、(用于时间的表达方式之后)在那时(Definition:at which,in which,on which,at which time,on which occasion,etc.)。
(1)Sunday is the only day when I can relax.
星期天是我唯一可以休息的日子。
(2)There are times when I wonder why I do this job.
有时候我也不明白我为什么要干这个工作。
(3)The last time I went to Scotland was in May,when the weather was beautiful.
我上次去苏格兰是在五月份,那时的天气好极了。
【高考试题】
例5:(NMET 2009 江苏 23)
Because of the financial crisis,days are gone_______local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.
A.if B.when C.which D.since
例6:(NMET 2009 四川 20)
She’ll never forget her stay there _______she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A.that B.which C.where D.when
例7:(NMET 2008 山东 26)
Occasions are quite rare_______I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
A.who B.which C.why D.when
分析:以上三题的答案依次为ADD。when在每句中都引导定语从句,分别相等于in which,during which和on which occasions.
三、一……就;刚……就(Definition:just after or as soon as soon something happens)。
(1)He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.
他刚睡着电话铃就响了。
(2)Rachel washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished.
刚吃完饭雷切尔就洗了餐具并泡了咖啡。
【高考试题】
例8:(NMET 2009 福建33)
She had just finished her homework _______her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
A.when B.while C.after D.since
分析:答案为A。句子可译为“昨天刚做完作业,她妈妈就让她练习弹钢琴”。
四、(用于引出使某人的行为看似出人意料的情景)既然;虽然(Definition:considering that;although)。
(1)Why does she always drive to work when she could easily take the train?
她去上班明明坐火车很方便可为什么总要自己开车呢?
(2)He went on protesting his innocence when he was obviously guilty.
很明显他有罪,但他继续申明自己无罪。
(3)He silenced his friends when they attempted to talk to him about it.
尽管朋友们试图跟他谈这件事,但他却不让他们说。
(4)Why bother to paint it when you can photograph it with the same effect?
既然照片可以具有同样的效果,你又何必费精力去画呢?
【高考试题】
例9:(NMET 2006 山东31)
How can you expect to learn anything _______you never listen?
A.in case B.even if C.unless D.when
分析:答案为D。意为:既然你从不听讲,你又怎么能指望学到东西呢?
五、在……之后(Definition:after)。
(1)Call me when you’ve finished.
你完成后就给我打电话。
(2)When the guests left the house,Anna went to see her son and put him to bed herself.
客人们离开之后,安娜去看她的儿子,并亲自安顿他睡觉。
【高考试题】
例10:(NMET 2008 四川6)
There were some chairs left over _______everyone had sat down.
A.when B.until C.that D.where
分析:答案为A。句子意为:大家都就坐了以后还剩下一些椅子。
六、与副词hardly或scarcely搭配使用,构成句型“hardly(或scarcely)...when”。此结构等同于“No sooner...than...”,表示从句动作紧跟主语动作之后发生。
(1)He had hardly finished when someone rose to refuse his points.
他话音刚落就有人起身反驳他的看法。
(2)Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就瘪了。
【高考试题】
例11:(NMET 2006 天津 3)
——Did Linda see the traffic accident?
——No,no sooner _______than it happened.
A.had she goneB.she had gone
C.has she goneD.she has gone
分析:答案为A。在hardly(scarcely)...when;no sooner...than结构中,当hardly,scarcely,no sooner位于句首时,需要部分倒装,且hardly,scarcely,no sooner后的句子的时态用过去完成时。上文中的句子可以改为“hardly(scarcely)had she gone when it happened”。
七、与by或since构成by/since when结构,意为“在……之前/自从”(Definition:before or since which time)。
(1)The baby is due in May,by when the new house should be finished.
宝宝的预产期在五月,那时新房子应该造好了。
(2)Since when have you been in charge of the project?
你是从什么时候起负责这个项目的?
例12:(NMET 2007 山东 35)
The book was written in 1946,_______the education has witnessed great changes.
A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when
分析:答案为D。此句可译为:这本书写于1946年,从那以后教育就发生了巨大的变化。
由以上例句与近几年高考真题可见,连词when的用法是灵活多样的。它可以用作副词、代词、连词,能够引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句,能够体现主句和从句之间的多种逻辑关系,如时间、条件、让步、转折、因果关系等。因此,全面掌握when的多个词性、多重用法及其含义对于准确理解和解答与之相关的句式和试题具有重要的意义。
八、走进高考。
1.(NMET 2003,28)
Don’t be afraid of asking for help _______it is needed.
A.unless B.since C.although D.when
2.(NMET 2003 湖北 23)
There was _______time _______I hated to go to school.
A.a;that B.a;when C.the;that D.the;when
3.(NMET 2004,春季北京 26)
We were swimming in the lake _______suddenly the storm started.
A.when B.while C.until D.before
4.(NMET 2004 上海 38)
Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park_______she was bitten on the leg by a lion.
A.when B.while C.since D.once
5.(NMET 2008,福建 28)
Nancy enjoyed herself so much _______she visited her friends in Sydney last year.
A.that B.which C.when D.where
6.(NMET 2009 重庆 27)
27.Peter was so excited _______he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.
A.where B.that C.why D.when
7.(NMET 2008, 天津 12)
The last time we had great fun was _______we were visiting the Water Park.
A.where B.how C.when D.why
8.(NMET 2010全国Ⅱ, 7)
Tom was about to close the window _______his attention was caught by a bird.
A.when B.if C.and D.till
参考答案:DBAA CDCA