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一、前言20世纪90年代,中东欧实行中央计划经济的国家在一片灰暗中开始转型。在那场始于1989年前后的改革中,波兰、匈牙利和当时仍然统一的捷克斯洛伐克损失了各自约20%的GDP;1991年开始改革的俄罗斯,GDP下挫幅度甚至高于40%;东德的工业产值缩水到原来水平的1/3。出现这种J型转型曲线原因在于以下几
I. Preface In the 1990s, the countries in central and eastern Europe that carried out the centrally planned economy started a period of transition to a gloomy environment. Poland, Hungary and then unified Czechoslovakia lost about 20% of their GDP in the reforms that started around 1989; in Russia, which started the reforms in 1991, the GDP fell by more than 40%; the East German Industrial output has shrunk to 1/3 of its original level. The reason for this J-type transition curve lies in the following