论文部分内容阅读
一、题型介绍
短文填空题型是以阅读理解为基础，综合考查学生对英语词汇、语法、惯用法的理解和运用，并在此基础上，考查学生对整篇文章的分析、判断能力、逻辑推理能力，是一种要求高、难度大、区分度高的题型。其主要形式就是在一篇语意完整的短文中有目的地挖出一些空白，造成信息链的中断，让考生在重新理解短文的基础上，综合运用所学知识和常识，对每个空格做出尽可能合理的分析判断，给出最佳答案，使重新构建的文章主旨鲜明，文意畅达，逻辑严密。
常考的形式主要有以下几种：1．选择词汇型短文填空；2.给出首字母短文填空；3.给出动词型短文填空；4.在短文的空白处填词型短文填空；5.看图填词型短文填空。
二、应试技巧
做短文填空题时，通常先要弄清语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，才能做出恰当的选择。具体可分为以下三步：
1．通览全文。通读全文，理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好短文填空题的关键，因为短文填空题的特点是着眼于整体理解。我们应该根据首句给出的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，尽快把全文读完，建立对文章的整体感觉。
2．仔细推敲，初定答案。在通读全文，了解大意的基础上着手答题。答题时要根据文章内容要求，结合文章的主题，综合运用所学的词汇、语法知识，对每个空进行认真分析，反复推敲，从而确定答案。可以从以下几个方面入手：(1)根据上下文语境确定答案；(2)根据惯用法或习惯搭配确定答案；(3)运用逻辑推理判断答案；(4)根据词语用法确定答案；(5)剖析结构，进行对比推理确定答案。
3．复读检查，消除漏洞。完成所有的空缺后，应再次通读全文，看行文是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复检时，可从语法入手检查时态，主谓一致，代词的性，名词的数、格及词的搭配是否正确。遇到疑点，应根据中心思想，从语义、语法上加以判断。
三、各类短文题型的特点及答题策略
1．选择词汇型短文填空
【题型特点】这类题是把词抽出，打乱顺序，不按原文的次序排列，有时还增加几个干扰项，要求挑选出正确的词，并用其恰当的形式填入短文的空格内。
【解题步骤】(1)跳过空格，通读全文，初步掌握短文大意。通过阅读，了解文章大意，对语篇进行整体了解，避免断章取义。在匆匆浏览全文时，对生词可先跳过，细读时再理会。
(2)复读全文，初步试填。将有关单词按照个人的初步理解填入空白处，不管具体形式如何，使短文初步成形。
(3)再次阅读，根据句法及词法确定所填词的最终形式，使其符合文章思路。
【典型例题】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容从所给的12个单词或词组中选出10个，并以其适当形式填空。
T-shirts first appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. In the early 1900s, they were worn by __1__ in the American navy(海军) under their uniforms. Over the next __2__ decades(十年) more people began to wear them. In 1951, people were impressed deeply __3__ Marlon Brando’s white T-shirt in a film. Then, when James Dean wore a T-shirt in the movie Rebel Without a Cause, T-shirts __4__ became cool. Young people across America started wearing T-shirts as a symbol of __5__ own rebellious(反叛的) feelings.
As the young people of James Dean’s times got __6__, they continued to wear T-shirts. They could have __7__ they wanted printed on them. There’s nothing rebellious about wearing a T-shirt now, __8__. People of all __9__ wear them. __10__, the T-shirt is probably the most common piece of clothing in the world. And these days it is OK to wear a T-shirt almost anywhere and anytime.
【答案及解析】试题给出了12个单词和短语，要求从中选出10个填入短文中，而且有的单词需要转换形式。1.sailors。根据文意应该填表示“某人”的单词，这个词应该是“水手”，sail作动词用，意为“航海；驾(船)”；它的名词形式sailors，意为“水手”。2.few。在“decades(十年)”的前面应该是个修饰数字的词，选few符合文意。3.by the sight of。前面是被动语态，后面是“Marlon Brando’s white T-shirt”，填入所给的短语by the sight of符合文意。4.suddenly。句子的主要成分完整，显然这里应该用个表示“突然”的副词，所给单词中含“突然”意思的只有sudden，是形容词，应该用其副词形式suddenly。5.their。own前面必须用形容词性物主代词，所给单词中有人称代词they，用它的物主代词形式their即可。6.older。空格前的got是连系动词，意为“变得”，后面应接形容词作表语。所给单词中剩余的形容词只有old，根据文意，应该用它的比较级形式older。7.anything。依句意“他们能够在T恤衫上印上……”，空格处应是表达“任何东西”的词，所给单词中恰有anything。8.however。句子末尾应该是个副词。填“however(然而)”与文意吻合。9.ages。根据句式结构，People of all后面应该是个名词，组成名词短语作句子的主语。如果用age，则需用它的复数形式ages，表示“各个年龄段的人”，与文意相符。10.In fact。空格是个独立成分，剩余的所给单词in fact， nothing， so that中，选“in fact(实际上)”与文意相符。
2.给出首字母型短文填空
【题型特点】首字母填词是根据句意和已给的首字母，在句子的空白处填上恰当的单词，使句子意思完整、语法正确的一种题型。该题型既考查学生的单词记忆和拼写能力，又考查学生对句子的理解能力。
【解题步骤】(1)通读全文，把握句意。只有文章意思清楚了，才可能根据文意进行合理判断，从而有可能突然产生“灵感”，将断层的信息比较准确地反映出来。
(2)注意精读，反复琢磨。做这类题，有时可根据固定用法判断，有时可通过上下文意思判断。遇到难词时，要根据其前后的句子反复推敲、再三琢磨该词在句中的作用，由此判断出该词的意思。
(3)把握词义，填写准确。这里的“准确”应包括：①符合要求。即所填写单词必须以规定字母开头。②符合意思。即符合整篇文章的基调，更符合所在句子的含义，不可出现意义断层、说东道西的情况。③符合语法。意义相符了，单词选准了，还要注意所填单词是否要作词形变化：如名词是否要用复数，形容词是否要用比较级，动词是否要变时态等。
(4)复读全文，验证答案。看所填单词是否为最佳单词，拼写是否准确无误，词形是否需要作必要的变化，短文是否前后连贯一致，情节发展是否合理，议论是否合乎逻辑等。
【典型例题】
根据文章内容及首字母提示用最恰当的词完成下文。
More and more young people are recognizing(认识到) the advantages(有利条件) of living in a__1__ country and are deciding to study abroad. They realize it’s the best way to learn a__2__ the customs and the way of life of other people. Student Exchanges give teenagers the opportunity(机会) to live somewhere e__3__ for a school year.
W__4__ they are living abroad, they will eat new food, experience new traditions and l__5__ how people of their own age live from day to day.
Students s__6__ with carefully chosen host families(接待家庭) and attend a local(当地的) school. E__7__ student on the exchange programme has somebody who directly supports them the w__8__ time they are abroad. To qualify a__9__ an exchange student, you m__10__ be between 15 and 18 years old and be good at a foreign language.
【答案及解析】1．another。由下文are deciding to study abroad可确定越来越多的年轻人认识到了居住在“另一个”国家的有利条件。2．about。learn about意为“学习；了解”。3．else。由上文的study abroad可确定他们有机会到“别的”地方住上一学年。4．While/When。从they will eat new food， experience new traditions可确定是当他们住在国外时的情况。5．learn。既然是到国外，他们得“学会”他们该如何一天一天地生活。6．stay。根据carefully chosen host families and attend a local school可知，他们要和当地家庭“住在一起”。7．Every/Each。由谓语动词has可确定是指“每位”学生。8．whole。指他们国外留学的“整个”时间。9．as。qualify as意为“取得……资格”。10．must。这是取得交换留学生的条件，应填must，表示“必须”。
3.给出动词型短文填空
【题型特点】这类题主要是对动词时态和语态的考查以及考查动词的非谓语形式。
【解题步骤】(1)通读全句或全文，确定正确的时态和语态。具体方法有：①根据句中的时间状语来确定时态。若句中没有明显的时间状语，则可以根据上下文内容或语境来判断时态。②句子是祈使句或含有情态动词(助动词)时，谓语动词用原形。③注意状语从句和宾语从句中时态一致的问题。④当句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者时，用被动语态；反之用主动语态。
(2)确定动词的非谓语形式。具体规则是：①在及物动词want， hope， wish， decide， would like等动词后用动词不定式作宾语。②在enjoy， finish， mind， be busy， be worth， feel like， What/How about， can’t help， practice， have fun/problem等后要用v-ing形式作宾语。③let， make等及see， hear， watch， feel等后要接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。在help后面作宾语补足语时，to可有可无。但将其改为被动语态时，则要加上to(let不能用于被动语态)。④see， watch， find， feel等动词后，既可以接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，也可以接v-ing形式作宾语补足语。前者表示动作的全过程已结束，后者表示动作正在进行。
【典型例题】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
I was the only person to get off the train at the small station. The train __1__(disappear) into the night. I was alone, in the dark. It was very cold. At that moment I __2__(think) about giving up this trip and wished I were on my way back home, but the train __3__(go) and I could see a hotel ahead.
The girl at reception gave me the key to a cabin(小棚屋) as the rest of the hotel was closed. I went back outside, I could see by the light from the hotel and __4__(find) the cabin easily. My hands __5__(be) frozen as I turned the key in the lock and pushed the door which refused to move. I pushed it harder. I was thinking of __6__(break) a window to get in when I took my hand off the handle and the door opened gently towards me.
After __7__(recover) in the warmth of the cabin, which was actually very comfortable, I went outside again. I realized I wasn’t completely alone as I saw car headlights on the road nearby. It was a clear evening full of red, green and blue light in the frozen air. It was so beautiful that I wanted __8__(write) a poem about it but I had no paper. I could only __9__(spend) ten minutes outside at a time so I went in and out of the cabin __10__(watch) the amazing Northern Lights. I only spent three days there. I was sorry I’d booked a ticket on the train to continue my journey so soon.
【答案及解析】1.disappeared。火车“消失”在夜幕中，说的是当时的情况，应该用一般过去时。2.thought/was thinking。前面有时间状语At that moment(在那时)，说的是“过去”，因此这里应该用一般过去时thought，或用过去进行时was thinking。3.had gone。火车已经离开了，“离开”是在那时以前发生的事情，应该用过去完成时。4.found。这个句子是个并列句，前面的句子是一般过去时，与之并列的动词也应用一般过去时found。5.were。be动词应该与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主语是复数形式，be动词用were。6.breaking。break在介词后面，应该用动名词形式breaking。7.recovering。动词recover也是在介词后面，也需用动名词形式recovering。8.to write。write前面的动词是wanted，必须用不定式形式to write。9.spend。动词spend前有情态动词could，因此须用原形。10.to watch。watch前面已经有“went in and out of the cabin”，后面的动词短语实际上是目的状语，应该用它的不定式形式to watch。
4.在短文的空白处填词型短文填空
【题型特点】这类题型集“阅读理解”与“完形填空”于一身。这种题型在短文填空中难度较大，它没有给出选项和提示性的词语，而是要求考生根据上下文来填写。这就要求考生熟悉英美国家文化特点和语言习惯，善于捕捉阅读材料所给出的信息，才能正确领会含义，填写正确的词语。
【解题步骤】(1)阅读短文，把握文章的主旨，了解所给材料的大意。
(2)再读短文，边读边填。在基本理解短文大意的基础上，再进行细致地阅读，同时根据上下文语境、语法规则、句式结构等填写单词。不能马上确定的，应该反复阅读该空前后的句子，寻找相关联系。
(3)复读短文，认真核查。本次阅读的目的主要是进行检查。填好词后的完整短文更有助于整体理解。发现问题要细心揣摩，不要轻易改动。
【典型例题】
根据下列短文内容，在短文后的空格处填上一个恰当的词，使短文意思完整、通顺。
About three years ago, I felt very lonely. I didn’t like my classmates, my parents or anyone else. My classmates didn’t want to talk __1__ me and my parents were always saying that other kids were better than me. I thought I was the __2__ unlucky person in the world.
One day I had a big fight with one of my classmates. I was so angry __3__ I hit him in the face. Just at that moment, a boy stood up and __4__ the fight. He was the monitor of our class.
After that, he often helped me and we became good __5__. Whenever I got angry or sad, he would help __6__ to cool down. My life began to change because of the boy, my best friend. We spent a lot of interesting days together. As __7__ goes by, I have become happier with people and things. And it __8__ that people around me have changed, too. My parents don’t shout at me __9__ more and my classmates become friendly to me.
But now I can’t often see my best friend because he is seriously __10__ and is staying in hospital. How I miss the days when we were together! I hope he will be all right and come back to school soon.
【答案及解析】1.with/to。从题意知“我的同班同学不想和我说话”用介词with或to。2.most。单词unlucky为形容词，in the world表示比较的范围，此处用最高级。3.that。此处应用so…that句型。4.stopped。从题意知男孩站起来是为了阻止打架。5.friends。从题意知我们两个成为了好朋友。6.me。从题意知此处为help sb. to do sth.。7.time。as time goes by，固定搭配“随着时间的推移”。8.seems。it seems that+从句。9.any。固定短语not…any more意为“不再……”。10.ill/sick。由in hospital知，最好的朋友生病住院了。
5.看图填词型短文填空
【题型特点】该题型给出一幅或几幅图片，然后给出一篇短文，让考生根据图片内容和短文意思，把单词填入空格。这种题型我们可以从所给的图片获得提示信息，从而降低了难度，但也起到了限制作用。
【解题步骤】(1)仔细观察图片，了解图片所给的信息；然后通读全文，掌握大意，获取文章的基本结构、体裁、主题及所使用的时态等相关信息，这是解题过程中不可缺少的一步。
(2)瞻前顾后，分析先行。在获取图片信息并理解全文意思的基础上，结合文章内容和所给的图片提示，对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。在分析判断空格处应填什么词时，要注意词形变化、时态和语态等。
(3)复原阅读，验证答案。短文填好后，复读全文，仔细检查自己所填的词是否符合图片和文章的情景内容，读起来是否顺畅，是否符合句法，所填单词是不是最佳单词，是否有拼写错误，单词形式是否正确等。
【典型例题】
阅读下面短文，并借助上下文和插图，补充所缺信息。每个空只能填写一个形式正确、意义相符的单词。
Joe, a 15-year-old boy, wanted to have a __1__ of his own. He asked his parents for the money and they said he must get it by __2__. But how did he get it? On his way home one day, he was __3__ about this. Not many people wanted to ask children to work for them. Maybe he could sweep away snow for the neighbors. But it was not __4__. He had to wait a long time for that. He couldn’t cut grass for their gardens, __5__ he was too young to do such work.
Just at that moment, he saw Dick, one of his classmates delivering(派送) __6__.
“I could do that,” he thought. He asked Dick a lot of questions. He learned that it __7__ Dick about three hours a day to do the job and he could get twenty-five dollars each week. He asked Dick to __8__ him the phone number of the newspaper manager.
Joe almost flew home. After he had told his mother what he thought, she said, “I think it is a __9__ idea!”
“I’ll __10__ the newspaper manager,” said Joe. “After all, I’m going to be a businessman.” Joe’s mother smiled happily.
【答案及解析】1.computer。图片中给出了电脑的照片。2.work/working。句子中by的意思是“通过”某种方式，后跟名词或动名词。3.thinking。通过how did he get it?可知要考查短语think about。4.winter。从sweep away snow可知，只有冬天才下雪。5.because/for/as。此处表原因。6.newspapers。图片中给出了报纸的照片。7.took。此处考查it takes sb. some time to do sth.结构。8.tell/give。考查ask sb. to do sth.,由题意知Joe要求Dick告诉他电话号码。9.good/great/wonderful。由题意知“它是一个好主意”。10.call/phone/telephone。决定要送报纸，将给the newspaper manager打电话。
四、短文填空专项训练
I. 阅读短文，选词填空。
(A) 阅读短文，选词填空, 每空一词，每词只能使用一次。
time, have, sea, and, like, spend, cool
With July coming, the summer holidays begin. Boys and girls in England will __1__ a two-month holiday. The holidays are the best __2__ of the year for most children. They can __3__ most of their time in swimming, camping and traveling with their parents. The most enjoyable place is the seaside. Some children are lucky enough to live near the __4__, but for those who live far from the sea, their parents will take them to the seaside for the holidays.
Why do children __5__ spending their holidays at seaside? It’s because they like the sand, the sun, the __6__ wind and the salt water there more than anything else. Of course, there are lots of new things to see, nice things to eat __7__ exciting things to do.
(B) 阅读短文，用方框中所给单词的正确形式填空，使短文意思通顺、完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。
so, room, be, we, meet, through, have, stop, soon, early, wonderful, but
Dear Dennis,
We just want to say thank you for helping us before we caught the plane last week. It was a nice evening, and we enjoyed __1__ Pete and Sarah. With your help we were able to get to the airport with plenty of time. We often tried to get an __2__ flight than usual, but it wasn’t possible.
We had a __3__ holiday in Spain. We just loved driving __4__ the countryside, and we often __5__ to walk round a mountain village. We met __6__ friends, Bill and Sue, and they invited us to have a meal with them. They wanted us to stay with them, __7__ we couldn’t, as we had already booked two __8__ in a hotel.
The weather was nice. There __9__ so much beautiful sunshine all the time we were there. Leaving Spain was very sad. It made me want to cry.
Anyway, we’re looking forward to hearing from you, and hope to see you __10__.
Yours,
Ray
(C) 阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文意思通顺、完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。
need, remember, never, like, water, do, another, mistake, often, friend, good, rich
Graduation is coming! Many students are leaving school. What are teachers talking about with them? A lot of things for sure, but the most important thing is __1__.
We asked some teachers to give us the last lesson. The lesson is proverbs(谚语) about friends. Older people __2__ teach proverbs to younger people. Every culture has proverbs. They are short and easy to __3__.
There is a German proverb which says, “Friendship is a plant we must __4__.” It means that we need to take care of friends __5__ taking care of a garden. “Only your real friends will tell you when your face is dirty.” is __6__ proverb from Japan. It means that only __7__ friends tell you when you are making a __8__.
My grandfather told me, “Nobody is so __9__ that he can throw away a friend.” Everyone __10__ friends. Be good to them.
Goodbye, friends! Don’t forget us!
Ⅱ. 阅读下面短文，写出括号中所给词的正确形式，使短文意思完整。
Dolphins are __1__(interest) animals and researchers find them smart. They __2__(have) no hands, but can use tools to solve problems, just like us. There is no evidence that dolphins have a language of their own, but they can understand many sign __3__(language). They can respond(反应) quite __4__(correct) and quickly. Dolphins live in a very different world, but they are good at __5__(do) our “intelligent(智能的) tests”.
Ⅲ. 动词填空。
(A) 阅读下面短文，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词)。
I recently heard a story about a famous scientist. Because of his great achievements(成就), he was thought to be more creative than the average(一般的) person. When he __1__(ask) why he was able to do this, he gave the answer. It all came from an experience with his mother when he was about two years old. “I __2__(try) to get a bottle of milk from the fridge when I lost the bottle and it fell, spilling(溢出) the milk all over the floor—a sea of milk! I was frightened and I didn’t know what to do!” he said.
His mother heard the noise and got into the kitchen. “I __3__(consider) how to explain all this to you, Mom,” he said. Instead of __4__(punish) him, she said, “Robert, what a great mess(杂乱) you have made! I __5__(not see) such a huge sea of milk before! Well, since the milk has already been spilled, would you like __6__(play) in the milk for a while? We __7__(clean) it up after that.” Indeed, he did so. After a few minutes, his mother said, “You know, Robert, whenever you __8__(make) a mess like this, finally you have to clean it up.” He used a sponge(海绵) and together they cleaned up the spilled milk.
His mother then said, “You know, we __9__(fail) in how to successfully carry a big milk bottle with two tiny hands just now. Let’s go out in the yard and fill the bottle with water to see if you __10__(discover) a way to carry it.” Then the little boy learned that if he grasped(抓紧) the bottle at the top near the lip with both hands, he could carry it without dropping it.
What a wonderful lesson!
(B) 阅读下面短文，用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
Have you ever heard of Barack Obama? Now he is famous all over the world for becoming the first African-American president.
Barack Obama was born to a black father and a white mother in 1961. While he __1__(study) in high school, he showed much talent in study. After graduating from university, he worked as a lawyer and a teacher. He loves writing. And he __2__(write) some books since 1995. These books are very popular and have helped him earn millions of dollars. He gave away some of the money to charities. He __3__(become) the President of the USA in the year of 2008.
Now the situation in America is worrying. But most of the American people still __4__(have) confidence. They believe Barack Obama __5__(create) a bright future for them, just as they say, “Change is coming to America.”
Ⅳ. 阅读短文，根据短文内容及首字母提示，在空白处填入一个适当的单词。
(A)
Reading is an activity people enjoy a lot in their free time.
Some like reading newspapers and o__1__ enjoy novels or comic books(连环画). My f__2__ books are those about the lives of great people. Reading them always gives me a lot of ideas on how to make my o__3__ life better.
Great people are remembered not because they were handsome or beautiful, but because they did not give up w__4__ their lives were difficult. They tried to use e__5__ chance to change their lives and make the world better.
One good example is Orville and Wilbur Wright, the two brothers w__6__ invented the airplane. The plane has m__7__ the world into a small village. Hard work, not good luck, is the r__8__ why the Wright Brothers could invent this convenient(方便的) machine and become great people. Today we will remember them when we see planes i__9__ the sky.
Whenever I read s__10__ about great people, I always learn a lot from them and they encourage me to march on.
This is why I enjoy reading about great people’s lives.
(B)
Dear Tom,
Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s__1__ the beginning of the summer h__2__. How are you getting on with your s__3__? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b__4__ f__5__ Canada yet?
My stamp collection is g__6__ bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d__7__ countries. In my stamp books, I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen friend from Britain. She gave me some B__8__ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I’m glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r__9__ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p__10__ me. Have you sent them off yet?
Please write to me soon.
Yours,
Zhou Wen
[Key:Ⅰ.(A)1.have 2.time 3.spend 4.sea 5.like 6.cool 7.and (B)1.meeting 2.earlier 3.wonderful 4.through 5.stopped 6.our 7.but 8.rooms 9.was 10.soon (C)1.friends/friendship 2.often 3.remember 4.water 5.like 6.another 7.good 8.mistake 9.rich 10.needs Ⅱ.1.interesting 2.have 3.languages 4.correctly 5.doing Ⅲ.(A)1.was asked 2.was trying 3.am considering 4.punishing 5.haven’t seen 6.to play 7.can/will clean 8.make 9.failed 10.can discover (B)1.was studying 2.has written 3.became 4.have 5.will create/is going to create Ⅳ.(A)1.others 2.favorite 3.own 4.when 5.every 6.who 7.made 8.reason 9.in 10.stories (B)1.since 2.holidays 3.sister/sisters 4.back 5.from 6.getting 7.different 8.British 9.received 10.post]
短文填空题型是以阅读理解为基础，综合考查学生对英语词汇、语法、惯用法的理解和运用，并在此基础上，考查学生对整篇文章的分析、判断能力、逻辑推理能力，是一种要求高、难度大、区分度高的题型。其主要形式就是在一篇语意完整的短文中有目的地挖出一些空白，造成信息链的中断，让考生在重新理解短文的基础上，综合运用所学知识和常识，对每个空格做出尽可能合理的分析判断，给出最佳答案，使重新构建的文章主旨鲜明，文意畅达，逻辑严密。
常考的形式主要有以下几种：1．选择词汇型短文填空；2.给出首字母短文填空；3.给出动词型短文填空；4.在短文的空白处填词型短文填空；5.看图填词型短文填空。
二、应试技巧
做短文填空题时，通常先要弄清语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，才能做出恰当的选择。具体可分为以下三步：
1．通览全文。通读全文，理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好短文填空题的关键，因为短文填空题的特点是着眼于整体理解。我们应该根据首句给出的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，尽快把全文读完，建立对文章的整体感觉。
2．仔细推敲，初定答案。在通读全文，了解大意的基础上着手答题。答题时要根据文章内容要求，结合文章的主题，综合运用所学的词汇、语法知识，对每个空进行认真分析，反复推敲，从而确定答案。可以从以下几个方面入手：(1)根据上下文语境确定答案；(2)根据惯用法或习惯搭配确定答案；(3)运用逻辑推理判断答案；(4)根据词语用法确定答案；(5)剖析结构，进行对比推理确定答案。
3．复读检查，消除漏洞。完成所有的空缺后，应再次通读全文，看行文是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复检时，可从语法入手检查时态，主谓一致，代词的性，名词的数、格及词的搭配是否正确。遇到疑点，应根据中心思想，从语义、语法上加以判断。
三、各类短文题型的特点及答题策略
1．选择词汇型短文填空
【题型特点】这类题是把词抽出，打乱顺序，不按原文的次序排列，有时还增加几个干扰项，要求挑选出正确的词，并用其恰当的形式填入短文的空格内。
【解题步骤】(1)跳过空格，通读全文，初步掌握短文大意。通过阅读，了解文章大意，对语篇进行整体了解，避免断章取义。在匆匆浏览全文时，对生词可先跳过，细读时再理会。
(2)复读全文，初步试填。将有关单词按照个人的初步理解填入空白处，不管具体形式如何，使短文初步成形。
(3)再次阅读，根据句法及词法确定所填词的最终形式，使其符合文章思路。
【典型例题】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容从所给的12个单词或词组中选出10个，并以其适当形式填空。
T-shirts first appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. In the early 1900s, they were worn by __1__ in the American navy(海军) under their uniforms. Over the next __2__ decades(十年) more people began to wear them. In 1951, people were impressed deeply __3__ Marlon Brando’s white T-shirt in a film. Then, when James Dean wore a T-shirt in the movie Rebel Without a Cause, T-shirts __4__ became cool. Young people across America started wearing T-shirts as a symbol of __5__ own rebellious(反叛的) feelings.
As the young people of James Dean’s times got __6__, they continued to wear T-shirts. They could have __7__ they wanted printed on them. There’s nothing rebellious about wearing a T-shirt now, __8__. People of all __9__ wear them. __10__, the T-shirt is probably the most common piece of clothing in the world. And these days it is OK to wear a T-shirt almost anywhere and anytime.
【答案及解析】试题给出了12个单词和短语，要求从中选出10个填入短文中，而且有的单词需要转换形式。1.sailors。根据文意应该填表示“某人”的单词，这个词应该是“水手”，sail作动词用，意为“航海；驾(船)”；它的名词形式sailors，意为“水手”。2.few。在“decades(十年)”的前面应该是个修饰数字的词，选few符合文意。3.by the sight of。前面是被动语态，后面是“Marlon Brando’s white T-shirt”，填入所给的短语by the sight of符合文意。4.suddenly。句子的主要成分完整，显然这里应该用个表示“突然”的副词，所给单词中含“突然”意思的只有sudden，是形容词，应该用其副词形式suddenly。5.their。own前面必须用形容词性物主代词，所给单词中有人称代词they，用它的物主代词形式their即可。6.older。空格前的got是连系动词，意为“变得”，后面应接形容词作表语。所给单词中剩余的形容词只有old，根据文意，应该用它的比较级形式older。7.anything。依句意“他们能够在T恤衫上印上……”，空格处应是表达“任何东西”的词，所给单词中恰有anything。8.however。句子末尾应该是个副词。填“however(然而)”与文意吻合。9.ages。根据句式结构，People of all后面应该是个名词，组成名词短语作句子的主语。如果用age，则需用它的复数形式ages，表示“各个年龄段的人”，与文意相符。10.In fact。空格是个独立成分，剩余的所给单词in fact， nothing， so that中，选“in fact(实际上)”与文意相符。
2.给出首字母型短文填空
【题型特点】首字母填词是根据句意和已给的首字母，在句子的空白处填上恰当的单词，使句子意思完整、语法正确的一种题型。该题型既考查学生的单词记忆和拼写能力，又考查学生对句子的理解能力。
【解题步骤】(1)通读全文，把握句意。只有文章意思清楚了，才可能根据文意进行合理判断，从而有可能突然产生“灵感”，将断层的信息比较准确地反映出来。
(2)注意精读，反复琢磨。做这类题，有时可根据固定用法判断，有时可通过上下文意思判断。遇到难词时，要根据其前后的句子反复推敲、再三琢磨该词在句中的作用，由此判断出该词的意思。
(3)把握词义，填写准确。这里的“准确”应包括：①符合要求。即所填写单词必须以规定字母开头。②符合意思。即符合整篇文章的基调，更符合所在句子的含义，不可出现意义断层、说东道西的情况。③符合语法。意义相符了，单词选准了，还要注意所填单词是否要作词形变化：如名词是否要用复数，形容词是否要用比较级，动词是否要变时态等。
(4)复读全文，验证答案。看所填单词是否为最佳单词，拼写是否准确无误，词形是否需要作必要的变化，短文是否前后连贯一致，情节发展是否合理，议论是否合乎逻辑等。
【典型例题】
根据文章内容及首字母提示用最恰当的词完成下文。
More and more young people are recognizing(认识到) the advantages(有利条件) of living in a__1__ country and are deciding to study abroad. They realize it’s the best way to learn a__2__ the customs and the way of life of other people. Student Exchanges give teenagers the opportunity(机会) to live somewhere e__3__ for a school year.
W__4__ they are living abroad, they will eat new food, experience new traditions and l__5__ how people of their own age live from day to day.
Students s__6__ with carefully chosen host families(接待家庭) and attend a local(当地的) school. E__7__ student on the exchange programme has somebody who directly supports them the w__8__ time they are abroad. To qualify a__9__ an exchange student, you m__10__ be between 15 and 18 years old and be good at a foreign language.
【答案及解析】1．another。由下文are deciding to study abroad可确定越来越多的年轻人认识到了居住在“另一个”国家的有利条件。2．about。learn about意为“学习；了解”。3．else。由上文的study abroad可确定他们有机会到“别的”地方住上一学年。4．While/When。从they will eat new food， experience new traditions可确定是当他们住在国外时的情况。5．learn。既然是到国外，他们得“学会”他们该如何一天一天地生活。6．stay。根据carefully chosen host families and attend a local school可知，他们要和当地家庭“住在一起”。7．Every/Each。由谓语动词has可确定是指“每位”学生。8．whole。指他们国外留学的“整个”时间。9．as。qualify as意为“取得……资格”。10．must。这是取得交换留学生的条件，应填must，表示“必须”。
3.给出动词型短文填空
【题型特点】这类题主要是对动词时态和语态的考查以及考查动词的非谓语形式。
【解题步骤】(1)通读全句或全文，确定正确的时态和语态。具体方法有：①根据句中的时间状语来确定时态。若句中没有明显的时间状语，则可以根据上下文内容或语境来判断时态。②句子是祈使句或含有情态动词(助动词)时，谓语动词用原形。③注意状语从句和宾语从句中时态一致的问题。④当句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者时，用被动语态；反之用主动语态。
(2)确定动词的非谓语形式。具体规则是：①在及物动词want， hope， wish， decide， would like等动词后用动词不定式作宾语。②在enjoy， finish， mind， be busy， be worth， feel like， What/How about， can’t help， practice， have fun/problem等后要用v-ing形式作宾语。③let， make等及see， hear， watch， feel等后要接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。在help后面作宾语补足语时，to可有可无。但将其改为被动语态时，则要加上to(let不能用于被动语态)。④see， watch， find， feel等动词后，既可以接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，也可以接v-ing形式作宾语补足语。前者表示动作的全过程已结束，后者表示动作正在进行。
【典型例题】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
I was the only person to get off the train at the small station. The train __1__(disappear) into the night. I was alone, in the dark. It was very cold. At that moment I __2__(think) about giving up this trip and wished I were on my way back home, but the train __3__(go) and I could see a hotel ahead.
The girl at reception gave me the key to a cabin(小棚屋) as the rest of the hotel was closed. I went back outside, I could see by the light from the hotel and __4__(find) the cabin easily. My hands __5__(be) frozen as I turned the key in the lock and pushed the door which refused to move. I pushed it harder. I was thinking of __6__(break) a window to get in when I took my hand off the handle and the door opened gently towards me.
After __7__(recover) in the warmth of the cabin, which was actually very comfortable, I went outside again. I realized I wasn’t completely alone as I saw car headlights on the road nearby. It was a clear evening full of red, green and blue light in the frozen air. It was so beautiful that I wanted __8__(write) a poem about it but I had no paper. I could only __9__(spend) ten minutes outside at a time so I went in and out of the cabin __10__(watch) the amazing Northern Lights. I only spent three days there. I was sorry I’d booked a ticket on the train to continue my journey so soon.
【答案及解析】1.disappeared。火车“消失”在夜幕中，说的是当时的情况，应该用一般过去时。2.thought/was thinking。前面有时间状语At that moment(在那时)，说的是“过去”，因此这里应该用一般过去时thought，或用过去进行时was thinking。3.had gone。火车已经离开了，“离开”是在那时以前发生的事情，应该用过去完成时。4.found。这个句子是个并列句，前面的句子是一般过去时，与之并列的动词也应用一般过去时found。5.were。be动词应该与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主语是复数形式，be动词用were。6.breaking。break在介词后面，应该用动名词形式breaking。7.recovering。动词recover也是在介词后面，也需用动名词形式recovering。8.to write。write前面的动词是wanted，必须用不定式形式to write。9.spend。动词spend前有情态动词could，因此须用原形。10.to watch。watch前面已经有“went in and out of the cabin”，后面的动词短语实际上是目的状语，应该用它的不定式形式to watch。
4.在短文的空白处填词型短文填空
【题型特点】这类题型集“阅读理解”与“完形填空”于一身。这种题型在短文填空中难度较大，它没有给出选项和提示性的词语，而是要求考生根据上下文来填写。这就要求考生熟悉英美国家文化特点和语言习惯，善于捕捉阅读材料所给出的信息，才能正确领会含义，填写正确的词语。
【解题步骤】(1)阅读短文，把握文章的主旨，了解所给材料的大意。
(2)再读短文，边读边填。在基本理解短文大意的基础上，再进行细致地阅读，同时根据上下文语境、语法规则、句式结构等填写单词。不能马上确定的，应该反复阅读该空前后的句子，寻找相关联系。
(3)复读短文，认真核查。本次阅读的目的主要是进行检查。填好词后的完整短文更有助于整体理解。发现问题要细心揣摩，不要轻易改动。
【典型例题】
根据下列短文内容，在短文后的空格处填上一个恰当的词，使短文意思完整、通顺。
About three years ago, I felt very lonely. I didn’t like my classmates, my parents or anyone else. My classmates didn’t want to talk __1__ me and my parents were always saying that other kids were better than me. I thought I was the __2__ unlucky person in the world.
One day I had a big fight with one of my classmates. I was so angry __3__ I hit him in the face. Just at that moment, a boy stood up and __4__ the fight. He was the monitor of our class.
After that, he often helped me and we became good __5__. Whenever I got angry or sad, he would help __6__ to cool down. My life began to change because of the boy, my best friend. We spent a lot of interesting days together. As __7__ goes by, I have become happier with people and things. And it __8__ that people around me have changed, too. My parents don’t shout at me __9__ more and my classmates become friendly to me.
But now I can’t often see my best friend because he is seriously __10__ and is staying in hospital. How I miss the days when we were together! I hope he will be all right and come back to school soon.
【答案及解析】1.with/to。从题意知“我的同班同学不想和我说话”用介词with或to。2.most。单词unlucky为形容词，in the world表示比较的范围，此处用最高级。3.that。此处应用so…that句型。4.stopped。从题意知男孩站起来是为了阻止打架。5.friends。从题意知我们两个成为了好朋友。6.me。从题意知此处为help sb. to do sth.。7.time。as time goes by，固定搭配“随着时间的推移”。8.seems。it seems that+从句。9.any。固定短语not…any more意为“不再……”。10.ill/sick。由in hospital知，最好的朋友生病住院了。
5.看图填词型短文填空
【题型特点】该题型给出一幅或几幅图片，然后给出一篇短文，让考生根据图片内容和短文意思，把单词填入空格。这种题型我们可以从所给的图片获得提示信息，从而降低了难度，但也起到了限制作用。
【解题步骤】(1)仔细观察图片，了解图片所给的信息；然后通读全文，掌握大意，获取文章的基本结构、体裁、主题及所使用的时态等相关信息，这是解题过程中不可缺少的一步。
(2)瞻前顾后，分析先行。在获取图片信息并理解全文意思的基础上，结合文章内容和所给的图片提示，对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。在分析判断空格处应填什么词时，要注意词形变化、时态和语态等。
(3)复原阅读，验证答案。短文填好后，复读全文，仔细检查自己所填的词是否符合图片和文章的情景内容，读起来是否顺畅，是否符合句法，所填单词是不是最佳单词，是否有拼写错误，单词形式是否正确等。
【典型例题】
阅读下面短文，并借助上下文和插图，补充所缺信息。每个空只能填写一个形式正确、意义相符的单词。
Joe, a 15-year-old boy, wanted to have a __1__ of his own. He asked his parents for the money and they said he must get it by __2__. But how did he get it? On his way home one day, he was __3__ about this. Not many people wanted to ask children to work for them. Maybe he could sweep away snow for the neighbors. But it was not __4__. He had to wait a long time for that. He couldn’t cut grass for their gardens, __5__ he was too young to do such work.
Just at that moment, he saw Dick, one of his classmates delivering(派送) __6__.
“I could do that,” he thought. He asked Dick a lot of questions. He learned that it __7__ Dick about three hours a day to do the job and he could get twenty-five dollars each week. He asked Dick to __8__ him the phone number of the newspaper manager.
Joe almost flew home. After he had told his mother what he thought, she said, “I think it is a __9__ idea!”
“I’ll __10__ the newspaper manager,” said Joe. “After all, I’m going to be a businessman.” Joe’s mother smiled happily.
【答案及解析】1.computer。图片中给出了电脑的照片。2.work/working。句子中by的意思是“通过”某种方式，后跟名词或动名词。3.thinking。通过how did he get it?可知要考查短语think about。4.winter。从sweep away snow可知，只有冬天才下雪。5.because/for/as。此处表原因。6.newspapers。图片中给出了报纸的照片。7.took。此处考查it takes sb. some time to do sth.结构。8.tell/give。考查ask sb. to do sth.,由题意知Joe要求Dick告诉他电话号码。9.good/great/wonderful。由题意知“它是一个好主意”。10.call/phone/telephone。决定要送报纸，将给the newspaper manager打电话。
四、短文填空专项训练
I. 阅读短文，选词填空。
(A) 阅读短文，选词填空, 每空一词，每词只能使用一次。
time, have, sea, and, like, spend, cool
With July coming, the summer holidays begin. Boys and girls in England will __1__ a two-month holiday. The holidays are the best __2__ of the year for most children. They can __3__ most of their time in swimming, camping and traveling with their parents. The most enjoyable place is the seaside. Some children are lucky enough to live near the __4__, but for those who live far from the sea, their parents will take them to the seaside for the holidays.
Why do children __5__ spending their holidays at seaside? It’s because they like the sand, the sun, the __6__ wind and the salt water there more than anything else. Of course, there are lots of new things to see, nice things to eat __7__ exciting things to do.
(B) 阅读短文，用方框中所给单词的正确形式填空，使短文意思通顺、完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。
so, room, be, we, meet, through, have, stop, soon, early, wonderful, but
Dear Dennis,
We just want to say thank you for helping us before we caught the plane last week. It was a nice evening, and we enjoyed __1__ Pete and Sarah. With your help we were able to get to the airport with plenty of time. We often tried to get an __2__ flight than usual, but it wasn’t possible.
We had a __3__ holiday in Spain. We just loved driving __4__ the countryside, and we often __5__ to walk round a mountain village. We met __6__ friends, Bill and Sue, and they invited us to have a meal with them. They wanted us to stay with them, __7__ we couldn’t, as we had already booked two __8__ in a hotel.
The weather was nice. There __9__ so much beautiful sunshine all the time we were there. Leaving Spain was very sad. It made me want to cry.
Anyway, we’re looking forward to hearing from you, and hope to see you __10__.
Yours,
Ray
(C) 阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文意思通顺、完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。
need, remember, never, like, water, do, another, mistake, often, friend, good, rich
Graduation is coming! Many students are leaving school. What are teachers talking about with them? A lot of things for sure, but the most important thing is __1__.
We asked some teachers to give us the last lesson. The lesson is proverbs(谚语) about friends. Older people __2__ teach proverbs to younger people. Every culture has proverbs. They are short and easy to __3__.
There is a German proverb which says, “Friendship is a plant we must __4__.” It means that we need to take care of friends __5__ taking care of a garden. “Only your real friends will tell you when your face is dirty.” is __6__ proverb from Japan. It means that only __7__ friends tell you when you are making a __8__.
My grandfather told me, “Nobody is so __9__ that he can throw away a friend.” Everyone __10__ friends. Be good to them.
Goodbye, friends! Don’t forget us!
Ⅱ. 阅读下面短文，写出括号中所给词的正确形式，使短文意思完整。
Dolphins are __1__(interest) animals and researchers find them smart. They __2__(have) no hands, but can use tools to solve problems, just like us. There is no evidence that dolphins have a language of their own, but they can understand many sign __3__(language). They can respond(反应) quite __4__(correct) and quickly. Dolphins live in a very different world, but they are good at __5__(do) our “intelligent(智能的) tests”.
Ⅲ. 动词填空。
(A) 阅读下面短文，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词)。
I recently heard a story about a famous scientist. Because of his great achievements(成就), he was thought to be more creative than the average(一般的) person. When he __1__(ask) why he was able to do this, he gave the answer. It all came from an experience with his mother when he was about two years old. “I __2__(try) to get a bottle of milk from the fridge when I lost the bottle and it fell, spilling(溢出) the milk all over the floor—a sea of milk! I was frightened and I didn’t know what to do!” he said.
His mother heard the noise and got into the kitchen. “I __3__(consider) how to explain all this to you, Mom,” he said. Instead of __4__(punish) him, she said, “Robert, what a great mess(杂乱) you have made! I __5__(not see) such a huge sea of milk before! Well, since the milk has already been spilled, would you like __6__(play) in the milk for a while? We __7__(clean) it up after that.” Indeed, he did so. After a few minutes, his mother said, “You know, Robert, whenever you __8__(make) a mess like this, finally you have to clean it up.” He used a sponge(海绵) and together they cleaned up the spilled milk.
His mother then said, “You know, we __9__(fail) in how to successfully carry a big milk bottle with two tiny hands just now. Let’s go out in the yard and fill the bottle with water to see if you __10__(discover) a way to carry it.” Then the little boy learned that if he grasped(抓紧) the bottle at the top near the lip with both hands, he could carry it without dropping it.
What a wonderful lesson!
(B) 阅读下面短文，用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
Have you ever heard of Barack Obama? Now he is famous all over the world for becoming the first African-American president.
Barack Obama was born to a black father and a white mother in 1961. While he __1__(study) in high school, he showed much talent in study. After graduating from university, he worked as a lawyer and a teacher. He loves writing. And he __2__(write) some books since 1995. These books are very popular and have helped him earn millions of dollars. He gave away some of the money to charities. He __3__(become) the President of the USA in the year of 2008.
Now the situation in America is worrying. But most of the American people still __4__(have) confidence. They believe Barack Obama __5__(create) a bright future for them, just as they say, “Change is coming to America.”
Ⅳ. 阅读短文，根据短文内容及首字母提示，在空白处填入一个适当的单词。
(A)
Reading is an activity people enjoy a lot in their free time.
Some like reading newspapers and o__1__ enjoy novels or comic books(连环画). My f__2__ books are those about the lives of great people. Reading them always gives me a lot of ideas on how to make my o__3__ life better.
Great people are remembered not because they were handsome or beautiful, but because they did not give up w__4__ their lives were difficult. They tried to use e__5__ chance to change their lives and make the world better.
One good example is Orville and Wilbur Wright, the two brothers w__6__ invented the airplane. The plane has m__7__ the world into a small village. Hard work, not good luck, is the r__8__ why the Wright Brothers could invent this convenient(方便的) machine and become great people. Today we will remember them when we see planes i__9__ the sky.
Whenever I read s__10__ about great people, I always learn a lot from them and they encourage me to march on.
This is why I enjoy reading about great people’s lives.
(B)
Dear Tom,
Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s__1__ the beginning of the summer h__2__. How are you getting on with your s__3__? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b__4__ f__5__ Canada yet?
My stamp collection is g__6__ bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d__7__ countries. In my stamp books, I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen friend from Britain. She gave me some B__8__ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I’m glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r__9__ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p__10__ me. Have you sent them off yet?
Please write to me soon.
Yours,
Zhou Wen
[Key:Ⅰ.(A)1.have 2.time 3.spend 4.sea 5.like 6.cool 7.and (B)1.meeting 2.earlier 3.wonderful 4.through 5.stopped 6.our 7.but 8.rooms 9.was 10.soon (C)1.friends/friendship 2.often 3.remember 4.water 5.like 6.another 7.good 8.mistake 9.rich 10.needs Ⅱ.1.interesting 2.have 3.languages 4.correctly 5.doing Ⅲ.(A)1.was asked 2.was trying 3.am considering 4.punishing 5.haven’t seen 6.to play 7.can/will clean 8.make 9.failed 10.can discover (B)1.was studying 2.has written 3.became 4.have 5.will create/is going to create Ⅳ.(A)1.others 2.favorite 3.own 4.when 5.every 6.who 7.made 8.reason 9.in 10.stories (B)1.since 2.holidays 3.sister/sisters 4.back 5.from 6.getting 7.different 8.British 9.received 10.post]