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《辛丑条约》的签订标志着义和团运动的基本失败,但是中国人民的反洋教斗争并未就此结束。由于产生这些斗争的社会条件依然存在,各地反洋教斗争,特别是会党的反洋教斗争,仍在继续蔓延发展,成为当时农民反帝斗争的主要形式之一。 (一) 会党是19世纪八、九十年代反洋教运动的核心力量,义和团失败后,会党再次承担起反洋教斗争的领导职责。在20世纪初年重新成为反洋教斗争的主力军。当《辛丑条约》墨迹未干,西太后仍龟缩在西安行在的时候,广东兴宁的会党首先揭竿而起。1901年9月23日他们“聚众起事”,将兴宁县坪塘、罗岗、燕坑等地的德国教堂及教士房屋等全行毁坏,继而“攻扑县城”。德国公使照会清政府外务部,要求
The signing of the “Xin-Chou Treaty” marked the basic failure of the Boxer Rebellion, but the anti-Chinese anti-Chinese struggle of the Chinese people did not end there. As the social conditions that gave rise to these struggles still exist, the anti-foreign religious struggles in various places, especially the anti-foreign religious struggles of the non-party organizations, continue to spread and develop, becoming one of the major forms of the anti-imperialist struggle for peasants at that time. (1) The Socialist Party is the core force of the anti-Chinese religious movement in the 1880s and 1890s. After the defeat of the Yihetuan Army, the party once again assumed the leadership responsibility for the anti-foreign religious struggle. In the early 20th century, it became the main force in the anti-Xian religious struggle again. When the “Xin-Chou Treaty” ink was dry, and the Empress Dowager was still shrinking in Xi'an, the party of Xingning in Guangdong first came to the fore. On September 23, 1901, they “set off together” and destroyed the entire line of German churches and priest houses in Pingtang, Luo Gang and Yan Hang in Xingning County, and then “attacked the county.” German Minister Zhao Qinghui Foreign Ministry, the request