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目的:探讨孕妇妊娠晚期B族链球菌(group B streptococcus，GBS)筛查和实施产时抗生素预防(intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis，IAP)对新生儿早发型GBS感染的影响，分析新生儿早发型GBS感染的高危因素，并了解其预后情况。方法:回顾性选取2012年7月至2019年6月在温州医科大学附属第二医院新生儿科住院的新生儿早发型GBS感染患儿为病例组，随机抽取同期孕母有GBS定植新生儿无早发型GBS感染患儿为对照组；比较2016年7月开展GBS筛查和IAP策略前后本院出生新生儿早发型GBS感染的发生率；分析不同分娩方式下新生儿早发型GBS感染的高危因素。结果:病例组纳入43例，对照组纳入182例，两组胎龄、出生体重比较差异无统计学意义(n P>0.05)。2016年7月至2019年6月开展GBS筛查和IAP策略后，本院共出生35 717例新生儿，新生儿早发型GBS感染2例，发生率为0.056‰，较2012年7月至2016年6月(0.277‰，9/32 511)下降了80%，差异有统计学意义(n P<0.05)。病例组阴道分娩36例，多因素Logistic回归分析显示，阴道分娩患儿母亲体温≥38℃(n OR＝6.812)、胎膜早破≥18 h(n OR＝12.247)、无IAP(n OR＝16.881)是新生儿早发型GBS感染的危险因素，充分IAP是新生儿早发型GBS感染的保护因素(n OR＝0.180，n P0.05). From July 2016 to June 2019, after the implementation of GBS screening and IAP strategy, a total of 35 717 newborns were born in our hospital, and 2 newborns had early-onset GBS infection. The incidence was 0.056‰, which was 80% lower than the incidence from July 2012 to June 2016 (0.277‰, 9/32 511), the difference was statistically significant (n P<0.05). 36 cases were naturally delivered. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal body temperature ≥38℃ (n OR=6.812), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) for more than 18 hours (n OR=12.247) and non-IAP (n OR=16.881) were risk factors for early-onset GBS infection, while sufficient IAP was a protective factor for the disease (n OR=0.180, n P<0.05). 7 cases received cesarean section, 6 of which had PROM. Among 43 newborns of early-onset GBS infection, 11 newborns with septicemia but without meningitis were cured and their prognosis were good. 11 cases had meningitis, 2 of them died (18.2%), and the 9 survivors were followed up for 1~6 years and 4 had neurological sequelae.n Conclusion:GBS screening and IAP strategy for pregnant women can effectively reduce the incidence of neonatal early-onset GBS infection. PROM and threatened labor before cesarean section may cause GBS retrograde infection through the birth canal and lead to early-onset GBS infection. Neonatal GBS septicemia with meningitis has higher rates of neurological sequelae, mortality and poor prognosis.