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我们对市场与企业是如何运转的了解是一个多世纪前由少数欧洲的经济学家——英国的阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔和他的在欧洲大陆的几个同代人——传给我们的。这个了解是明确地建立在报酬递减假设的基础上:在市场上取得成功的产品或公司最终地会碰到限制,因此价格和市场份额的可预测的均衡达到了。对马歇尔时代的大批量加工、大烟囱经济而言这个理论是大致有效的。而且这个理论在目前的经济学教科书中仍很兴旺。但在本世纪,西方国家已稳固与持续地经历了从大量的原材料制造向技术的设计和使用——即从资源的加工向信息的加工,从原始能源的应用向思想主张的应用——的转变。由于发生了这种转变,决定经济行为的基础的机制已从报酬递减的机制转变为报酬递增的机制。
Our understanding of how the market and the business functioned was conveyed to us more than a century ago by a handful of European economists - Alfred Marshall of Great Britain and several of his contemporaries in continental Europe . This understanding is based explicitly on the assumption of diminishing returns: Ultimately, the product or company that succeeds in the market encounters constraints, so that a predictable equilibrium in price and market share is reached. The theory is generally valid for the large-scale processing of the Marshallian era and the economy of large chimneys. And the theory is still thriving in current economics textbooks. However, in this century, the western countries have steadily and continuously experienced the design and use of technologies from a large amount of raw materials manufacturing - from the processing of resources to the processing of information, from the application of raw energy to the application of ideas. change. As a result of this shift, the mechanism that underpins economic behavior has shifted from a mechanism of diminishing returns to a mechanism of increasing returns.