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马克思与启蒙的关系不仅仅是一个哲学史问题,更是一个哲学问题。本文从马克思理论与启蒙理论本身的碰撞出发,探讨二者之间的关系。马克思对于启蒙的批判和超越主要集中在三个方面:启蒙的“普遍性”困境主要表现为如何统一普遍性和特殊性,马克思从现实的个人出发,把人放在社会关系中,寻找到了一条把人从抽象的普遍性和同一的特殊性中解放出来的现实道路;启蒙的“主体性”困境主要表现为作为人的主体地位的丧失和作为客体的货币、资本成为主体,马克思通过对于货币获得实体性的存在并成为主体的揭示和对于资本主体性取代人的主体地位的批判,试图在斩断资本之链的意义上使得人重新成为具有主体性的个人;启蒙的“理性论”困境主要表现为理性自由的丧失和理性同一性与资本逻辑的同构,马克思试图通过对作为理性表征形式的哲学的批判和对资本主义现实的批判,达到对于启蒙理性的超越。
The relationship between Marx and Enlightenment is not only a philosophical history issue, but also a philosophical issue. Starting from the collision between Marxist theory and Enlightenment Theory, this article explores the relationship between the two. Marx’s critique and transcendence of enlightenment mainly focus on three aspects: the predicament of enlightenment “universality ” mainly shows how to unify the universality and particularity; Marx sets out people in the social relations from the realistic individual and looks for The path of enlightenment “subjectivity ” predominantly manifests itself in the loss of the dominant position of human beings as the currency of the object and the capital as the main body, By revealing the existence of the substance of the currency and becoming the main body and criticizing the subjectivity of the subjectivity of the capital as the subjective position of the human being, Marx tried to make the human beings become subjective individuals again in the sense of cutting off the chain of capital. Enlightenment The predicament of “theory of rationality” is mainly represented by the loss of rational freedom and the isomorphism of rational identity and capital logic. Marx tries to surpass the enlightenment rationality by criticizing the philosophy as the form of rational representation and the critique of the reality of capitalism .